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Guo T, Mashhadimoslem H, Choopani L, Salehi MM, Maleki A, Elkamel A, Yu A, Zhang Q, Song J, Jin Y, Rojas OJ. Recent Progress in MOF-Aerogel Fabrication and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402942. [PMID: 38975677 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) underscore their significant potential in chemical and materials research, owing to their remarkable properties and diverse structures. Despite challenges like intrinsic brittleness, powdered crystalline nature, and limited stability impeding direct applications, MOF-based aerogels have shown superior performance in various areas, particularly in water treatment and contaminant removal. This review highlights the latest progress in MOF-based aerogels, with a focus on hybrid systems incorporating materials like graphene, carbon nanotube, silica, and cellulose in MOF aerogels, which enhance their functional properties. The manifold advantages of MOF-based aerogels in energy storage, adsorption, and catalysis are discussed, with an emphasizing on their improved stability, processability, and ease of handling. This review aims to unlock the potential of MOF-based aerogels and their real-world applications. Aerogels are expected to reshape the technological landscape of MOFs through enhanced stability, adaptability, and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Guo
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hossein Mashhadimoslem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Leila Choopani
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Salehi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Elkamel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Zhejiang Kaifeng New Material Limited by Share Ltd. Longyou, Kaifeng, 324404, China
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Gonthier J, Scoppola E, Rilling T, Gurlo A, Fratzl P, Wagermaier W. Solvent Cavitation during Ambient Pressure Drying of Silica Aerogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12925-12938. [PMID: 38865157 PMCID: PMC11210208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Ambient-pressure drying of silica gels stands out as an economical and accessible process for producing monolithic silica aerogels. Gels experience significant deformations during drying due to the capillary pressure generated at the liquid-vapor interface in submicron pores. Proper control of the gel properties and the drying rate is essential to enable reversible drying shrinkage without mechanical failure. Recent in operando microcomputed X-ray tomography (μCT) imaging revealed the kinetics of the phase composition during drying and spring-back. However, to fully explain the underlying mechanisms, spatial resolution is required. Here we show evidence of evaporation by hexane cavitation during the ambient-pressure drying of silylated silica gels by spatially resolved quantitative analysis of μCT data supported by wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Cavitation consists of the rupture of the pore liquid put under tension by capillary pressure, creating vapor bubbles within the gels. We found the presence of a homogeneously distributed vapor-air phase in the gels well ahead of the maximum shrinkage. The onset of this vapor/air phase corresponded to a pore volume shrinkage of ca. 50 vol % that was attributed to a critical stiffening of the silica skeleton enabling cavitation. Our results provide new aspects of the relation between the shape changes of silica gels during drying and the evaporation mechanisms. We conclude that stress release by cavitation may be at the origin of the resistance of the silica skeleton to drying stresses. This opens the path toward producing larger monolithic silica aerogels by fine-tuning the drying conditions to exploit cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gonthier
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ernesto Scoppola
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tilman Rilling
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksander Gurlo
- Chair
of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Zemke F, Scoppola E, Simon U, Bekheet MF, Wagermaier W, Gurlo A. Springback effect of ambient-pressure-dried silica aerogels: nanoscopic effects of silylation revealed by in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 6:111-125. [PMID: 38125596 PMCID: PMC10729877 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00584d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Ambient pressure drying (APD) allows for synthesizing aerogels without expensive and sophisticated equipment for achieving supercritical conditions. Since APD does not eliminate the capillary stress that is induced by the liquid/vapour phase boundary, the shrinkage during drying needs to be prevented or reversed. The re-expansion of the silylated silica gels during drying is commonly referred to as the springback effect (SBE). The SBE is not only important for producing aerogels via APD, but is also a fascinating phenomenon, since it is accompanied by a significant volume change unusual for rigid ceramics. Synchrotron X-ray scattering has proven to be especially effective for the investigation of the volume change of these fractal silica structures on different length scales. In this work, we follow the drying, shrinkage, and (partial) re-expansion of various monolithic samples in situ to explore the occurrence of the SBE. For this purpose, various silylation agents, i.e., hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane, and triethylchlorosilane were used to investigate different shrinkage and re-expansion behavior. A scattering model was used to extract additional information of the evolving primary particle size, correlation length, fractal dimension, and other intensity contributions of the silica network and the hexane. While the primary particles pointed towards a relaxation at near molecular size, they were likely not involved in the SBE. However, structures near the size of the correlation length could be essential for the occurrence of this phenomenon. These findings may lead to the origin of this interesting phenomenon, as well as a better understanding of the production of APD aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Zemke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany https://www.tu.berlin/ceramics +49 30 314 22653
| | - Ernesto Scoppola
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany https://www.mpikg.mpg.de/biomaterials +49 331 567 9259
| | - Ulla Simon
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany https://www.tu.berlin/ceramics +49 30 314 22653
| | - Maged F Bekheet
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany https://www.tu.berlin/ceramics +49 30 314 22653
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany https://www.mpikg.mpg.de/biomaterials +49 331 567 9259
| | - Aleksander Gurlo
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany https://www.tu.berlin/ceramics +49 30 314 22653
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Rauscher MV, Seyffertitz M, Kohns R, Stock S, Amenitsch H, Huesing N, Paris O. Optimizing surfactant removal from a soft-templated ordered mesoporous carbon precursor: an in situ SAXS study. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:801-809. [PMID: 37284273 PMCID: PMC10241053 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723003886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was employed to identify critical parameters during thermal treatment for template removal of an ordered mesoporous carbon precursor synthesized via a direct soft-templating route. The structural parameters obtained from the SAXS data as a function of time were the lattice parameter of the 2D hexagonal structure, the diameter of the cylindrical mesostructures and a power-law exponent characterizing the interface roughness. Moreover, detailed information on contrast changes and pore lattice order was obtained from analysis of the integrated SAXS intensity of the Bragg and diffuse scattering separately. Five characteristic regions during heat treatment were identified and discussed regarding the underlying dominant processes. The influence of temperature and O2/N2 ratio on the final structure was analyzed, and parameter ranges were identified for an optimized template removal without strongly affecting the matrix. The results indicate that the final structure and controllability of the process are optimum for temperatures between 260 and 300°C with a gas flow containing 2 mol% of O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Valentin Rauscher
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - Malina Seyffertitz
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - Richard Kohns
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Stock
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicola Huesing
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Oskar Paris
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
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