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Lunter D, Klang V, Eichner A, Savic SM, Savic S, Lian G, Erdő F. Progress in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Research-Focus on Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:817. [PMID: 38931938 PMCID: PMC11207871 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ and a multifunctional interface between the body and its environment. It acts as a barrier against cold, heat, injuries, infections, chemicals, radiations or other exogeneous factors, and it is also known as the mirror of the soul. The skin is involved in body temperature regulation by the storage of fat and water. It is an interesting tissue in regard to the local and transdermal application of active ingredients for prevention or treatment of pathological conditions. Topical and transdermal delivery is an emerging route of drug and cosmetic administration. It is beneficial for avoiding side effects and rapid metabolism. Many pharmaceutical, technological and cosmetic innovations have been described and patented recently in the field. In this review, the main features of skin morphology and physiology are presented and are being followed by the description of classical and novel nanoparticulate dermal and transdermal drug formulations. The biophysical aspects of the penetration of drugs and cosmetics into or across the dermal barrier and their investigation in diffusion chambers, skin-on-a-chip devices, high-throughput measuring systems or with advanced analytical techniques are also shown. The current knowledge about mathematical modeling of skin penetration and the future perspectives are briefly discussed in the end, all also involving nanoparticulated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Victoria Klang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Adina Eichner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (IADP) e.V., 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Sanela M. Savic
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
- R&D Sector, DCP Hemigal, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
| | - Snezana Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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El Bejjaji S, Ramos-Yacasi G, Suñer-Carbó J, Mallandrich M, Goršek L, Quilchez C, Calpena AC. Nanocomposite Gels Loaded with Flurbiprofen: Characterization and Skin Permeability Assessment in Different Skin Species. Gels 2024; 10:362. [PMID: 38920910 PMCID: PMC11203155 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite gels consist of nanoparticles dispersed in a gel matrix. The main aim of this work was to develop nanocomposite gels for topical delivery of Flurbiprofen (FB) for humans and farm animals. Nanocomposite gels were prepared stemming from nanoparticles (NPs) freeze-dried with two different cryoprotectants, D-(+)-trehalose (NPs-TRE) and polyethylene glycol 3350 (NPs-PEG), sterilized by gamma (γ) irradiation, and gelled with Sepigel® 305. Nanocomposite gels with FB-NPs-TRE and FB-NPs-PEG were physiochemically characterized in terms of appearance, pH, morphological studies, porosity, swelling, degradation, extensibility, and rheological behavior. The drug release profile and kinetics were assessed, as well as, the ex vivo permeation of FB was assessed in human, porcine and bovine skin. In vivo studies in healthy human volunteers were tested without FB to assess the tolerance of the gels with nanoparticles. Physicochemical studies demonstrated the suitability of the gel formulations. The ex vivo skin permeation capacity of FB-NPs nanocomposite gels with different cryoprotectants allowed us to conclude that these formulations are suitable topical delivery systems for human and veterinary medicine. However, there were statistically significant differences in the permeation of each formulation depending on the skin. Results suggested that FB-NPs-PEG nanocomposite gel was most suitable for human and porcine skin, and the FB-NPs-TRE nanocomposite gel was most suitable for bovine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheimah El Bejjaji
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.B.); (L.G.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Gladys Ramos-Yacasi
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María (UCSM), Arequipa 04001, Peru;
| | - Joaquim Suñer-Carbó
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.B.); (L.G.); (A.C.C.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Mallandrich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.B.); (L.G.); (A.C.C.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Goršek
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.B.); (L.G.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Chandler Quilchez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA;
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.B.); (L.G.); (A.C.C.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Dahma Z, Torrado-Salmerón C, Álvarez-Álvarez C, Guarnizo-Herrero V, Martínez-Alonso B, Torrado G, Torrado-Santiago S, de la Torre-Iglesias PM. Topical Meloxicam Hydroxypropyl Guar Hydrogels Based on Low-Substituted Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Solid Dispersions. Gels 2024; 10:207. [PMID: 38534625 DOI: 10.3390/gels10030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Meloxicam (MX) is a poorly water-soluble drug with severe gastrointestinal side effects. Topical hydrogel of hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) was formulated using a solid dispersion (SD) of MX with hydroxypropyl cellulose (LHPC) as an alternative to oral administration. The development of a solid dispersion with an adequate MX:LHPC ratio could increase the topical delivery of meloxicam. Solid dispersions showed high MX solubility values and were related to an increase in hydrophilicity. The drug/polymer and polymer/polymer interactions of solid dispersions within the HPG hydrogels were evaluated by SEM, DSC, FTIR, and viscosity studies. A porous structure was observed in the solid dispersion hydrogel MX:LHPC (1:2.5) and its higher viscosity was related to a high increase in hydrogen bonds among the -OH groups from LHPC and HPG with water molecules. In vitro drug release studies showed increases of 3.20 and 3.97-fold for hydrogels with MX:LHPC ratios of (1:1) and (1:2.5), respectively, at 2 h compared to hydrogel with pure MX. Finally, a fitting transition from zero to first-order model was observed for these hydrogels containing solid dispersions, while the n value of Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicated that release mechanism is governed by diffusion through an important relaxation of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Dahma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torrado-Salmerón
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Álvarez-Álvarez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Guarnizo-Herrero
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá de Henares, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona Km 33600, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá de Henares, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona Km 33600, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Torrado
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá de Henares, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona Km 33600, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Torrado-Santiago
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Marina de la Torre-Iglesias
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Pucek-Kaczmarek A, Celary D, Bazylińska U. Natural-Origin Betaine Surfactants as Promising Components for the Stabilization of Lipid Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:955. [PMID: 38256029 PMCID: PMC10815673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we demonstrate studies involving the influence of the formulation composition on the physicochemical properties of nanocarriers: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). Novel lipid-origin platforms were prepared using two "green" betaine-based surfactants, cocamidopropyl betaine (ROKAmina K30) and coco betaine (ROKAmina K30B), in combination with three different solid lipids, cetyl palmitate (CRODAMOL CP), trimyristin (Dynasan 114), and tristearin (Dynasan 118). Extensive optimization studies included the selection of the most appropriate lipid and surfactant concentration for effective SLN and NLC stabilization. The control parameters involving the hydrodynamic diameters of the obtained nanocarriers along with the size distribution (polydispersity index) were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), while shape and morphology were evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and turbidimetric method (backscattering profiles) were used to assess colloidal stability. The studied results revealed that both betaine-stabilized SLN and NLC formulations containing CRODAMOL CP as lipid matrix are the most monodisperse and colloidally stable regardless of the other components and their concentrations used, indicating them as the most promising candidates for drug delivery nanosystems with a diverse range of potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Pucek-Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Nanocolloids and Disperse Systems, Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Urszula Bazylińska
- Laboratory of Nanocolloids and Disperse Systems, Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Ji Y, Zhao H, Liu H, Zhao P, Yu DG. Electrosprayed Stearic-Acid-Coated Ethylcellulose Microparticles for an Improved Sustained Release of Anticancer Drug. Gels 2023; 9:700. [PMID: 37754381 PMCID: PMC10528259 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained release is highly desired for "efficacious, safe and convenient" drug delivery, particularly for those anticancer drug molecules with toxicity. In this study, a modified coaxial electrospraying process was developed to coat a hydrophobic lipid, i.e., stearic acid (SA), on composites composed of the anticancer drug tamoxifen citrate (TC) and insoluble polymeric matrix ethylcellulose (EC). Compared with the electrosprayed TC-EC composite microparticles M1, the electrosprayed SA-coated hybrid microparticles M2 were able to provide an improved TC sustained-release profile. The 30% and 90% loaded drug sustained-release time periods were extended to 3.21 h and 19.43 h for M2, respectively, which were significantly longer than those provided by M1 (0.88 h and 9.98 h, respectively). The morphology, inner structure, physical state, and compatibility of the components of the particles M1 and M2 were disclosed through SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. Based on the analyses, the drug sustained-release mechanism of multiple factors co-acting for microparticles M2 is suggested, which include the reasonable selections and organizations of lipid and polymeric excipient, the blank SA shell drug loading, the regularly round shape, and also the high density. The reported protocols pioneered a brand-new manner for developing sustained drug delivery hybrids through a combination of insoluble cellulose gels and lipid using modified coaxial electrospraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Ji
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.J.); (H.L.); (P.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhao
- Medical School, Quzhou College of Technology, No. 18 Jiangyuan Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.J.); (H.L.); (P.Z.)
| | - Ping Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.J.); (H.L.); (P.Z.)
| | - Deng-Guang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.J.); (H.L.); (P.Z.)
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