1
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Mangal D, Vera GS, Aime S, Jamali S. Small variations in particle-level interactions lead to large structural heterogeneities in colloidal gels. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4692-4698. [PMID: 38787743 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal gels typically exhibit mechanical properties akin to a viscoelastic solid, influenced by their underlying particulate network. Hence, the structural and morphological characteristics of the colloidal network have a significant effect on the rigidity of the gel. In this study, we show how seemingly small variations in the particle-level interactions throughout the system result in larger scale structural heterogeneities. While the microscale particle level descriptors of the colloidal network remain largely unaffected by heterogeneous interactions, larger scale properties of a colloidal gel change appreciably. The overall cluster-level mesostructure of a colloidal gel is found to be sensitive to the small variations in the interaction potential at the particle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Mangal
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, USA.
| | | | - Stefano Aime
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, France
| | - Safa Jamali
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, USA
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2
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Acar M, Tatini D, Fidi A, Pacini L, Quagliata M, Nuti F, Papini AM, Lo Nostro P. A Promising Compound for Green Multiresponsive Materials Based on Acyl Carrier Protein. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12381-12393. [PMID: 38836557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
A gel that exhibits intrinsically multiple-responsive behavior was prepared from an oligopeptide and studied. ACP(65-74) is an active decapeptide fragment of acyl carrier protein. We investigated 3% w/v ACP(65-74)-NH2 self-healing physical gels in water, glycerol carbonate (GC), and their mixtures. The morphology was investigated by optical, birefringence, and confocal laser scanning microscopy, circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared, and fluorescence spectroscopy experiments. We found that all samples possess pH responsiveness with fully reversible sol-to-gel transitions. The rheological properties depend on the temperature and solvent composition. The temperature dependence of the gels in water shows a peculiar behavior that is similar to that of thermoresponsive polymer solutions. The results reveal the presence of several β-sheet structures and amyloid aggregates, offering valuable insights into the fibrillation mechanism of amyloids in different solvent media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Acar
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Duccio Tatini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Fidi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pacini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- PeptLab, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Michael Quagliata
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- PeptLab, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Francesca Nuti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- PeptLab, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- PeptLab, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Pierandrea Lo Nostro
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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3
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Freire RVM, Coelho DMA, Maciel LG, Jesus LT, Freire RO, Dos Anjos JV, Junior SA. Luminescent Supramolecular Metallogels: Drug Loading and Eu(III) as Structural Probe. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400680. [PMID: 38593232 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular metallogels combine the rheological properties of gels with the color, magnetism, and other properties of metal ions. Lanthanide ions such as Eu(III) can be valuable components of metallogels due to their fascinating luminescence. In this work, we combine Eu(III) and iminodiacetic acid (IDA) into luminescent hydrogels. We investigate the tailoring of the rheological properties of these gels by changes in their metal:ligand ratio. Further, we use the highly sensitive Eu(III) luminescence to obtain information about the chemical structure of the materials. In special, we take advantage of computational calculations to employ an indirect method for structural elucidation, in which the simulated luminescent properties of candidate structures are matched to the experimental data. With this strategy, we can propose molecular structures for different EuIDA gels. We also explore the usage of these gels for the loading of bioactive molecules such as OXA, observing that its aldose reductase activity remains present in the gel. We envision that the findings from this work could inspire the development of luminescent hydrogels with tunable rheology for applications such as 3D printing and imaging-guided drug delivery platforms. Finally, Eu(III) emission-based structural elucidation could be a powerful tool in the characterization of advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael V M Freire
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
| | - Dhiego M A Coelho
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
| | - Larissa G Maciel
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
| | - Larissa T Jesus
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
- Pople Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, 49107-230, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo O Freire
- Pople Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, 49107-230, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Janaína V Dos Anjos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
| | - Severino A Junior
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
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4
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Rahmani P, Shojaei A, Sakorikar T, Wang M, Mendoza-Apodaca Y, Dickey MD. Liquid Metal Nanoparticles Physically Hybridized with Cellulose Nanocrystals Initiate and Toughen Hydrogels with Piezoionic Properties. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8038-8050. [PMID: 38437220 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) particles can serve as initiators, functional fillers, and cross-linkers for hydrogels. Herein, we show that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) stabilize LM particles in aqueous solutions, such as those used to produce hydrogels. The CNC-coated LM particles initiate free-radical polymerization to form poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel with exceptional properties─stretchability ∼2000%, excellent toughness ∼1.8 MJ/m3, mechanical resilience, and efficient self-healing─relative to cross-linked PAA networks polymerized using conventional molecular initiators. FTIR spectroscopy, rheology, and mechanical measurements suggest that physical bonds between PAA and both Ga3+ and LM-CNC particles contribute to the excellent mechanical properties. The gels are used to sense a wide range of strains, such as those associated with human motion, via changes in resistance through the gel. The sensitivity at low strains enables monitoring subtle physiological signals, such as pulse. Without significantly compromising the toughness, soaking the gels in salt solution brings about high ionic conductivity (3.8 S/m), enabling them to detect touch via piezoionic principles; the anions in the gel have higher mobility than cations, resulting in significant charge separation (current ∼30 μA, ∼10 μA/cm2) through the gel in response to touch. These attractive properties are promising for wearable sensors, energy harvesters, and self-powered ionic touch panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Rahmani
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Akbar Shojaei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
| | - Tushar Sakorikar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Meixiang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yuniva Mendoza-Apodaca
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
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5
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Flament A, Desse M, Bernard P, Carrot C. Viscosity of Suspensions of Strongly Bonded Spherical Particles of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Mixed Oxides (NMC) in Molten Poly(Ethylene Carbonate) for Batteries. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400046. [PMID: 38482545 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ionically conductive polymers highly filled with active materials, such as metal oxides are increasingly studied for their potential use in all solid-state batteries. They offer the desirable processing ease of polymers for mass production despite interfacial issues that remain to be solved. In this study, it is shown that spherical particles of transition metal oxides can be introduced in co-polymers of alkene carbonate and ethylene oxide at loading close to the maximum packing fraction, without imparting the processability in the melt of the material. In particular, the viscosity does not show any yield stress and the increase of viscosity shows that the intrinsic viscosity of the filler does not match with the usual 2.5 value in the limit of the Einstein's equation. Conversely, rheological data show that the value is rather close to unity consistently with theoretical arguments that predicted that this scaling factor should be unity when particle rotation is precluded. In the present case, this behavior is attributed to strong bonding between polymer and filler that is proved by electronic microscopy and by dynamical mechanical spectroscopy showing a relaxation due to bound polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Flament
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, Cédex, F-42023, France
- Groupe Renault, 1 Av. du Golf, Guyancourt, 78280, France
| | - Melinda Desse
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, Cédex, F-42023, France
| | - Pierre Bernard
- Groupe Renault, 1 Av. du Golf, Guyancourt, 78280, France
| | - Christian Carrot
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, Cédex, F-42023, France
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6
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Malkin AY, Kulichikhin VG, Khashirova SY, Simonov-Emelyanov ID, Mityukov AV. Rheology of Highly Filled Polymer Compositions-Limits of Filling, Structure, and Transport Phenomena. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:442. [PMID: 38337331 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The current state of the rheology of various polymeric and other materials containing a high concentration of spherical solid filler is considered. The physics of the critical points on the concentration scale are discussed in detail. These points determine the features of the rheological behavior of the highly filled materials corresponding to transitions from a liquid to a yielding medium, elastic-plastic state, and finally to an elastic solid-like state of suspensions. Theoretical and experimental data are summarized, showing the limits of the most dense packing of solid particles, which is of key importance for applications and obtaining high-quality products. The results of model and fine structural studies of physical phenomena that occur when approaching the point of filling the volume, including the occurrence of instabilities, are considered. The occurrence of heterogeneity in the form of individual clusters is also described. These heterogeneous objects begin to move as a whole that leads to the appearance of discontinuities in the suspension volume or wall slip. Understanding these phenomena is a key for particle technology and multiphase processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ya Malkin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, 29. Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery G Kulichikhin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, 29. Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Yu Khashirova
- Kh.M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarsky State University, Chernyshevsky Str. 273, 36000 Nal'chik, Russia
| | - Igor D Simonov-Emelyanov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, Russian Technological University, 78. Vernadsky Avenue, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton V Mityukov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, 29. Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Zuev YF, Derkach SR, Bogdanova LR, Voron’ko NG, Kuchina YA, Gubaidullin AT, Lunev IV, Gnezdilov OI, Sedov IA, Larionov RA, Latypova L, Zueva OS. Underused Marine Resources: Sudden Properties of Cod Skin Gelatin Gel. Gels 2023; 9:990. [PMID: 38131976 PMCID: PMC10742947 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The main object of this work was to characterize the structure and properties of laboratory-made fish gelatin from cod skin in comparison with known commercial gelatins of fish and mammalian origin. This is one way we can contribute to the World Food Program and characterize foodstuff resources from alternative natural sources. Our research was based on the combination of an expanded set of complementary physical-chemical methods to study the similarities and distinctions of hydrogels from traditional and novel gelatin sources from underused marine resources. In this work, we have compared the morphology, supramolecular structure and colloid properties of two commercial (mammalian and fish) gelatins with gelatin we extracted from cold-water cod skin in laboratory conditions. The obtained results are novel, showing that our laboratory-produced fish gelatin is much closer to the mammalian one in terms of such parameters as thermal stability and strength of structural network under temperature alterations. Especially interesting are our experimental observations comparing both fish gelatins: it was shown that the laboratory-extracted cod gelatin is essentially more thermally stable compared to its commercial analogue, being even closer in its rheological properties to the mammalian one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy F. Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia (A.T.G.); (I.V.L.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Svetlana R. Derkach
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Marine Bioresources, Institute of Natural Science and Technology, Murmansk State Technical University, 183010 Murmansk, Russia; (S.R.D.); (N.G.V.); (Y.A.K.)
| | - Liliya R. Bogdanova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia (A.T.G.); (I.V.L.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Nikolai G. Voron’ko
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Marine Bioresources, Institute of Natural Science and Technology, Murmansk State Technical University, 183010 Murmansk, Russia; (S.R.D.); (N.G.V.); (Y.A.K.)
| | - Yulia A. Kuchina
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Marine Bioresources, Institute of Natural Science and Technology, Murmansk State Technical University, 183010 Murmansk, Russia; (S.R.D.); (N.G.V.); (Y.A.K.)
| | - Aidar T. Gubaidullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia (A.T.G.); (I.V.L.); (I.A.S.)
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Lunev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia (A.T.G.); (I.V.L.); (I.A.S.)
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St.18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (O.I.G.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Oleg I. Gnezdilov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St.18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (O.I.G.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Igor A. Sedov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia (A.T.G.); (I.V.L.); (I.A.S.)
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St.18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (O.I.G.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Radik A. Larionov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St.18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (O.I.G.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Larisa Latypova
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China;
| | - Olga S. Zueva
- Institute of Electric Power Engineering and Electronics, Kazan State Power Engineering University, 51 Krasnoselskaya Street, 420066 Kazan, Russia;
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Jekal S, Sa M, Chu YR, Kim CG, Noh J, Kim J, Kim HY, Oh WC, Otgonbayar Z, Yoon CM. A Study on Enhanced Electrorheological Performance of Plate-like Materials via Percolation Gel-like Effect. Gels 2023; 9:891. [PMID: 37998981 PMCID: PMC10671164 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of plate-like materials to induce a percolation gel-like effect in electrorheological (ER) fluids is sparsely documented. Hence, we dispersed plate-like materials, namely natural mica, synthetic mica, and glass, as well as their pulverized particles, in various concentrations in silicone oil to form ER fluids. Subsequently, the rheological properties of the fluids were evaluated and compared to identify the threshold concentration for percolating a gel-like state. The shear stress and viscoelastic moduli under zero-field conditions confirmed that plate-like materials can be used to induce percolation gel-like effects in ER fluids. This is because of the high aspect ratio of the materials, which enhances their physical stability. In practical ER investigations, ER fluids based on synthetic mica (30.0 wt%) showed the highest yield stress of 516.2 Pa under an electric field strength of 3.0 kV mm-1. This was attributed to the formation of large-cluster networks and additional polarization induced by the ions. This study provides a practical approach for developing a new type of gel-like ER fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Jekal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Sa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ryong Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gyo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungchul Noh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Material Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Yeong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chun Oh
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Hanseo University, Seosan-Si 31962, Republic of Korea
| | - Zambaga Otgonbayar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Min Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
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9
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Gómez Hoyos C, Botero LD, Flórez-Caro A, Velásquez-Cock JA, Zuluaga R. Nanocellulose from Cocoa Shell in Pickering Emulsions of Cocoa Butter in Water: Effect of Isolation and Concentration on Its Stability and Rheological Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4157. [PMID: 37896401 PMCID: PMC10610805 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing new strategies to completely or partially replace cocoa butter in food and cosmetic products due to its cost and health effects. One of these alternatives is to develop stable emulsions of cocoa butter in water. However, incorporating cocoa butter is challenging as it solidifies and forms crystals, destabilizing the emulsion through arrested coalescence. Prevention against this destabilization mechanism is significantly lower than against coalescence. In this research, the rheological properties of nanocellulose from cocoa shell, a by-product of the chocolate industry, were controlled through isolation treatments to produce nanocellulose with a higher degree of polymerization (DP) and a stronger three-dimensional network. This nanocellulose was used at concentrations of 0.7 and 1.0 wt %, to develop cocoa butter in-water Pickering emulsion using a high shear mixing technique. The emulsions remained stable for more than 15 days. Nanocellulose was characterized using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), hot water and organic extractives, atomic force microscopy (AFM), degree of polymerization (DP), and rheological analysis. Subsequently, the emulsions were characterized on days 1 and 15 after their preparation through photographs to assess their physical stability. Fluorescent and electronic microscopy, as well as rheological analysis, were used to understand the physical properties of emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Gómez Hoyos
- Programa de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 N_ 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia; (L.D.B.); (A.F.-C.); (J.A.V.-C.)
| | - Luis David Botero
- Programa de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 N_ 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia; (L.D.B.); (A.F.-C.); (J.A.V.-C.)
| | - Andrea Flórez-Caro
- Programa de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 N_ 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia; (L.D.B.); (A.F.-C.); (J.A.V.-C.)
| | - Jorge Andrés Velásquez-Cock
- Programa de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 N_ 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia; (L.D.B.); (A.F.-C.); (J.A.V.-C.)
| | - Robin Zuluaga
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 N_ 70-01, Medellín 050031, Colombia;
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