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Chen LS, Yu CW, Li WJ, Hsieh WC, Li YP. Carrier screening for present disease prevalence and recessive genetic disorder in Taiwanese population. J Hum Genet 2024; 69:115-118. [PMID: 38135707 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Carrier screening is important to people have a higher prevalence of severe recessive or X-linked genetic conditions. This study is aimed that the frequency and uncertain nature of genetic variants was identified in Taiwanese population, providing individuals with information at risk of inherited diseases and their heritability to newborns. A total of 480 subjects receiving genetic counseling with no family history of inherited disorders were recruited into a cohort from 2018 to 2022. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel for autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR) and X-linked diseases was sequenced to assess disease prevalence and carrier frequency for the targeted diseases. Publicly available NGS datasets were analyzed following a tier-based system and ACMG recommendation. 5.3% of subjects showed the presence of variants for genetic disorder, and 2.3% of them were determined with AD. 14 of subjects with pathogenic variants were carriers for AR. The inherited genes were LDLR for AD disorders and AR disorders included GAA and ATP7B. 21.6% of subjects had highest carrier frequency of GJB2 gene. 0.5% of subjects had highest frequency of GJB6 for AR condition. In conclusions, the variants in LDLR, GAA and ATP7B genes were identified in Taiwanese population, indicating individuals had higher risk of Pompe disease, Wilson's disease and familial hypercholesterolemia. Taiwanese individuals carrying GJB2 and GJB6 had the considerable risk of hearing loss passing to their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin Kong Wu Ho Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Wei Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin Kong Wu Ho Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei Jiun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin Kong Wu Ho Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen Chi Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin Kong Wu Ho Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi Ping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin Kong Wu Ho Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Lin S, Nateqi J, Weingartner-Ortner R, Gruarin S, Marling H, Pilgram V, Lagler FB, Aigner E, Martin AG. An artificial intelligence-based approach for identifying rare disease patients using retrospective electronic health records applied for Pompe disease. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1108222. [PMID: 37153672 PMCID: PMC10160659 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1108222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We retrospectively screened 350,116 electronic health records (EHRs) to identify suspected patients for Pompe disease. Using these suspected patients, we then describe their phenotypical characteristics and estimate the prevalence in the respective population covered by the EHRs. Methods We applied Symptoma's Artificial Intelligence-based approach for identifying rare disease patients to retrospective anonymized EHRs provided by the "University Hospital Salzburg" clinic group. Within 1 month, the AI screened 350,116 EHRs reaching back 15 years from five hospitals, and 104 patients were flagged as probable for Pompe disease. Flagged patients were manually reviewed and assessed by generalist and specialist physicians for their likelihood for Pompe disease, from which the performance of the algorithms was evaluated. Results Of the 104 patients flagged by the algorithms, generalist physicians found five "diagnosed," 10 "suspected," and seven patients with "reduced suspicion." After feedback from Pompe disease specialist physicians, 19 patients remained clinically plausible for Pompe disease, resulting in a specificity of 18.27% for the AI. Estimating from the remaining plausible patients, the prevalence of Pompe disease for the greater Salzburg region [incl. Bavaria (Germany), Styria (Austria), and Upper Austria (Austria)] was one in every 18,427 people. Phenotypes for patient cohorts with an approximated onset of symptoms above or below 1 year of age were established, which correspond to infantile-onset Pompe disease (IOPD) and late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD), respectively. Conclusion Our study shows the feasibility of Symptoma's AI-based approach for identifying rare disease patients using retrospective EHRs. Via the algorithm's screening of an entire EHR population, a physician had only to manually review 5.47 patients on average to find one suspected candidate. This efficiency is crucial as Pompe disease, while rare, is a progressively debilitating but treatable neuromuscular disease. As such, we demonstrated both the efficiency of the approach and the potential of a scalable solution to the systematic identification of rare disease patients. Thus, similar implementation of this methodology should be encouraged to improve care for all rare disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lin
- Science Department, Symptoma GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jama Nateqi
- Science Department, Symptoma GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Vinzenz Pilgram
- Medical and Information Technology - MIT, University Hospital Salzburg (SALK), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian B. Lagler
- Medical and Information Technology - MIT, University Hospital Salzburg (SALK), Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Medical and Information Technology - MIT, University Hospital Salzburg (SALK), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alistair G. Martin
- Science Department, Symptoma GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Alistair G. Martin
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Huang W, Zhang Y, Zhou R. Induced pluripotent stem cell for modeling Pompe disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1061384. [PMID: 36620633 PMCID: PMC9815144 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease (PD) is a rare, autosomal recessive, inherited, and progressive metabolic disorder caused by α-glucosidase defect in lysosomes, resulting in abnormal glycogen accumulation. Patients with PD characteristically have multisystem pathological disorders, particularly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, muscle weakness, and hepatomegaly. Although the pathogenesis and clinical outcomes of PD are well-established, disease-modeling ability, mechanism elucidation, and drug development targeting PD have been substantially limited by the unavailable PD-relevant cell models. This obstacle has been overcome with the help of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming technology, thus providing a powerful tool for cell replacement therapy, disease modeling, drug screening, and drug toxicity assessment. This review focused on the exciting achievement of PD disease modeling and mechanism exploration using iPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Huang
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Rui Zhou ✉
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Aguilar-González A, González-Correa JE, Barriocanal-Casado E, Ramos-Hernández I, Lerma-Juárez MA, Greco S, Rodríguez-Sevilla JJ, Molina-Estévez FJ, Montalvo-Romeral V, Ronzitti G, Sánchez-Martín RM, Martín F, Muñoz P. Isogenic GAA-KO Murine Muscle Cell Lines Mimicking Severe Pompe Mutations as Preclinical Models for the Screening of Potential Gene Therapy Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6298. [PMID: 35682977 PMCID: PMC9181599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease (PD) is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) gene. Most gene therapies (GT) partially rely on the cross-correction of unmodified cells through the uptake of the GAA enzyme secreted by corrected cells. In the present study, we generated isogenic murine GAA-KO cell lines resembling severe mutations from Pompe patients. All of the generated GAA-KO cells lacked GAA activity and presented an increased autophagy and increased glycogen content by means of myotube differentiation as well as the downregulation of mannose 6-phosphate receptors (CI-MPRs), validating them as models for PD. Additionally, different chimeric murine GAA proteins (IFG, IFLG and 2G) were designed with the aim to improve their therapeutic activity. Phenotypic rescue analyses using lentiviral vectors point to IFG chimera as the best candidate in restoring GAA activity, normalising the autophagic marker p62 and surface levels of CI-MPRs. Interestingly, in vivo administration of liver-directed AAVs expressing the chimeras further confirmed the good behaviour of IFG, achieving cross-correction in heart tissue. In summary, we generated different isogenic murine muscle cell lines mimicking the severe PD phenotype, as well as validating their applicability as preclinical models in order to reduce animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Aguilar-González
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
- Department of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of “Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment”, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Elías González-Correa
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
| | - Eliana Barriocanal-Casado
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
| | - Iris Ramos-Hernández
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
| | - Miguel A. Lerma-Juárez
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sara Greco
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
| | - Juan José Rodríguez-Sevilla
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
| | - Francisco Javier Molina-Estévez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
- Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental-Alejandro Otero (FIBAO), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Valle Montalvo-Romeral
- Généthon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, 91002 Evry, France; (V.M.-R.); (G.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Ronzitti
- Généthon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, 91002 Evry, France; (V.M.-R.); (G.R.)
| | - Rosario María Sánchez-Martín
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
- Department of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of “Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment”, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martín
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Avda. de la Investigación 11, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.A.-G.); (J.E.G.-C.); (E.B.-C.); (I.R.-H.); (S.G.); (J.J.R.-S.); (F.J.M.-E.); (R.M.S.-M.)
- Departmento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Bioactive Components of Salvia and Their Potential Antidiabetic Properties: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103042. [PMID: 34065175 PMCID: PMC8161164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of therapeutic plants is expanding around the globe, coupled with the tremendous expansion of alternative medicine and growing demand in health treatment. Plants are applied in pharmaceuticals to preserve and expand health—physically, mentally and as well as to treat particular health conditions and afflictions. There are more than 600 families of plants identified so far. Among the plants that are often studied for their health benefit include the genus of Salvia in the mint family, Lamiaceae. This review aims to determine the bioactive components of Salvia and their potential as antidiabetic agents. The search was conducted using three databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus), and all relevant articles that are freely available in the English language were extracted within 10 years (2011–2021). Salvia spp. comprises many biologically active components that can be divided into monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and phenolic components, but only a few of these have been studied in-depth for their health benefit claims. The most commonly studied bioactive component was salvianolic acids. Interestingly, S. miltiorrhiza is undoubtedly the most widely studied Salvia species in terms of its effectiveness as an antidiabetic agent. In conclusion, we hope that this review stimulates more studies on bioactive components from medicinal plants, not only on their potential as antidiabetic agents but also for other possible health benefits.
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Taverna S, Cammarata G, Colomba P, Sciarrino S, Zizzo C, Francofonte D, Zora M, Scalia S, Brando C, Curto AL, Marsana EM, Olivieri R, Vitale S, Duro G. Pompe disease: pathogenesis, molecular genetics and diagnosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:15856-15874. [PMID: 32745073 PMCID: PMC7467391 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pompe disease (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the GAA gene, localized on chromosome 17 and encoding for acid alpha-1,4-glucosidase (GAA). Currently, more than 560 mutations spread throughout GAA gene have been reported. GAA catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1,4 and α-1,6-glucosidic bonds of glycogen and its deficiency leads to lysosomal storage of glycogen in several tissues, particularly in muscle. PD is a chronic and progressive pathology usually characterized by limb-girdle muscle weakness and respiratory failure. PD is classified as infantile and childhood/adult forms. PD patients exhibit a multisystemic manifestation that depends on age of onset. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent or reduce the irreversible organ damage associated with PD progression. Here, we make an overview of PD focusing on pathogenesis, clinical phenotypes, molecular genetics, diagnosis, therapies, autophagy and the role of miRNAs as potential biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Taverna
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cammarata
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colomba
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serafina Sciarrino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmela Zizzo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Francofonte
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Zora
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Scalia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Brando
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Lo Curto
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Maria Marsana
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Olivieri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Vitale
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Duro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
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Aung-Htut MT, Ham KA, Tchan M, Johnsen R, Schnell FJ, Fletcher S, Wilton SD. Splice modulating antisense oligonucleotides restore some acid-alpha-glucosidase activity in cells derived from patients with late-onset Pompe disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6702. [PMID: 32317649 PMCID: PMC7174337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease is caused by mutations in the GAA gene, resulting in deficient lysosomal acid-α-glucosidase activity in patients, and a progressive decline in mobility and respiratory function. Enzyme replacement therapy is one therapeutic option, but since not all patients respond to this treatment, alternative interventions should be considered. One GAA mutation, c.-32-13T > G, impacts upon normal exon 2 splicing and is found in two-thirds of late-onset cases. We and others have explored a therapeutic strategy using splice modulating phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers to enhance GAA exon 2 inclusion in the mature mRNA of patients with one c.-32-13T > G allele. We designed 20 oligomers and treated fibroblasts derived from five patients to identify an oligomer sequence that maximally increased enzyme activity in all fibroblasts. The most effective splice correcting oligomer was chosen to treat forced-myogenic cells, derived from fibroblasts from nine patients carrying the c.-32-13T > G mutation. After transfection, we show increased levels of the full-length GAA transcript, acid-α-glucosidase protein, and enzyme activity in all patients’ myogenic cells, regardless of the nature of the mutation in the other allele. This data encourages the initiation of clinical trials to assess the therapeutic efficacy of this oligomer for those patients carrying the c.-32-13T > G mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Thandar Aung-Htut
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science and Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Kristin A Ham
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science and Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Michel Tchan
- Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, 2145, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Russell Johnsen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia
| | | | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia. .,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science and Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia.
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia. .,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science and Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia.
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