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Zhou X, Wang S, Yu D, Niu T. Investigating CR1 as an indicated Gene for mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:206. [PMID: 39182129 PMCID: PMC11344402 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has beenis known as an important risk factor for cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, the liver plays a central role in the development of T2DM and insulin resistance. The present study attempted to identify and validate marker genes for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with T2DM. METHODS In this study, insulin resistance-related differentially expressed genes were identified from the liver tissues of individuals with T2DM and those with normal glucose tolerance using the Gene Expression Omnibus database and MCI-associated genes were identified using the GeneCards database. Next, enrichment analysis was performed with overlapping T2DM and MCI genes, followed by the identification of specific genes using the LASSO logistic regression and SVM-RFE algorithms. An important experiment involved the implementation of clinical and in vitro validation using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Finally, multiple linear regression, binary logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between the key gene and cognitive function in these patients. RESULT The present study identified 40 overlapping genes between MCI and T2DM, with subsequent enrichment analysis revealing their significant association with the roles of neuronal and glial projections. The marker gene complement receptor 1(CR1) was identified for both diseases using two regression algorithms. Based on RT-qPCR validation in 65 T2DM patients with MCI (MCI group) and 65 T2DM patients without MCI (NC group), a significant upregulation of CR1 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was observed in the MCI group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the CR1 gene level was significantly negatively associated with MoCA and MMSE scores, which reflect the overall cognitive function, and positively correlated with TMTB scores, which indicate the executive function. Finally, elevated CR1 mRNA levels were identified as an independent risk factor for MCI (OR = 1.481, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that CR1 is an important predictor of MCI in patients with T2DM. Thus, CR1 has potential clinical significance, which may offer new ideas and directions for the management and treatment of T2DM. The identification and clinical validation of dysregulated marker genes in both T2DM and MCI can offer valuable insights into the intrinsic association between these two conditions. The current study insights may inspire the development of novel strategies for addressing the complicated issues related to cognitive impairment associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Zhou
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dandan Yu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Niu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Caseras X, Simmonds E, Pardiñas AF, Anney R, Legge SE, Walters JTR, Harrison NA, O'Donovan MC, Escott-Price V. Common risk alleles for schizophrenia within the major histocompatibility complex predict white matter microstructure. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:194. [PMID: 38649377 PMCID: PMC11035599 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the role of complement genes in shaping the microstructure of the brain during early development, and in contributing to common allele risk for Schizophrenia. We hypothesised that common risk variants for schizophrenia within complement genes will associate with structural changes in white matter microstructure within tracts innervating the frontal lobe. Results showed that risk alleles within the complement gene set, but also intergenic alleles, significantly predict axonal density in white matter tracts connecting frontal cortex with parietal, temporal and occipital cortices. Specifically, risk alleles within the Major Histocompatibility Complex region in chromosome 6 appeared to drive these associations. No significant associations were found for the orientation dispersion index. These results suggest that changes in axonal packing - but not in axonal coherence - determined by common risk alleles within the MHC genomic region - including variants related to the Complement system - appear as a potential neurobiological mechanism for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Caseras
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Emily Simmonds
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard Anney
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie E Legge
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Neil A Harrison
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
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Nimmo J, Byrne R, Daskoulidou N, Watkins L, Carpanini S, Zelek W, Morgan B. The complement system in neurodegenerative diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:387-412. [PMID: 38505993 PMCID: PMC10958133 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Complement is an important component of innate immune defence against pathogens and crucial for efficient immune complex disposal. These core protective activities are dependent in large part on properly regulated complement-mediated inflammation. Dysregulated complement activation, often driven by persistence of activating triggers, is a cause of pathological inflammation in numerous diseases, including neurological diseases. Increasingly, this has become apparent not only in well-recognized neuroinflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis but also in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases where inflammation was previously either ignored or dismissed as a secondary event. There is now a large and rapidly growing body of evidence implicating complement in neurological diseases that cannot be comprehensively addressed in a brief review. Here, we will focus on neurodegenerative diseases, including not only the 'classical' neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, but also two other neurological diseases where neurodegeneration is a neglected feature and complement is implicated, namely, schizophrenia, a neurodevelopmental disorder with many mechanistic features of neurodegeneration, and multiple sclerosis, a demyelinating disorder where neurodegeneration is a major cause of progressive decline. We will discuss the evidence implicating complement as a driver of pathology in these diverse diseases and address briefly the potential and pitfalls of anti-complement drug therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui Nimmo
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Robert A.J. Byrne
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Nikoleta Daskoulidou
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Lewis M. Watkins
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Sarah M. Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Wioleta M. Zelek
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
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Gomez‐Arboledas A, Fonseca MI, Kramar E, Chu S, Schartz ND, Selvan P, Wood MA, Tenner AJ. C5aR1 signaling promotes region- and age-dependent synaptic pruning in models of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2173-2190. [PMID: 38278523 PMCID: PMC10984438 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synaptic loss is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that correlates with cognitive decline in AD patients. Complement-mediated synaptic pruning has been associated with this excessive loss of synapses in AD. Here, we investigated the effect of C5aR1 inhibition on microglial and astroglial synaptic pruning in two mouse models of AD. METHODS A combination of super-resolution and confocal and tridimensional image reconstruction was used to assess the effect of genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 on the Arctic48 and Tg2576 models of AD. RESULTS Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 partially rescues excessive pre-synaptic pruning and synaptic loss in an age and region-dependent fashion in two mouse models of AD, which correlates with improved long-term potentiation (LTP). DISCUSSION Reduction of excessive synaptic pruning is an additional beneficial outcome of the suppression of C5a-C5aR1 signaling, further supporting its potential as an effective targeted therapy to treat AD. HIGHLIGHTS C5aR1 ablation restores long-term potentiation in the Arctic model of AD. C5aR1 ablation rescues region specific excessive pre-synaptic loss. C5aR1 antagonist, PMX205, rescues VGlut1 loss in the Tg2576 model of AD. C1q tagging is not sufficient to induce VGlut1 microglial ingestion. Astrocytes contribute to excessive pre-synaptic loss at late stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez‐Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maria I. Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Enikö Kramar
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shu‐Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole D. Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Purnika Selvan
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSchool of MedicineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
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Gomez-Arboledas A, Fonseca MI, Kramar E, Chu SH, Schartz N, Selvan P, Wood MA, Tenner AJ. C5aR1 signaling promotes region and age dependent synaptic pruning in models of Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560234. [PMID: 37873302 PMCID: PMC10592845 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synaptic loss is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that correlates with cognitive decline in AD patients. Complement-mediated synaptic pruning has been associated with this excessive loss of synapses in AD. Here, we investigated the effect of C5aR1 inhibition on microglial and astroglial synaptic pruning in two mouse models of AD. METHODS A combination of super-resolution and confocal and tridimensional image reconstruction was used to assess the effect of genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 on the Arctic48 and Tg2576 models of AD. RESULTS Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 rescues the excessive pre-synaptic pruning and synaptic loss in an age and region dependent fashion in two mouse models of AD, which correlates with improved long-term potentiation (LTP). DISCUSSION Reduction of excessive synaptic pruning is an additional beneficial outcome of the suppression of C5a-C5aR1 signaling, further supporting its potential as an effective targeted therapy to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maria I. Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Enikö Kramar
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nicole Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Purnika Selvan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Sbai O, Bazzani V, Tapaswi S, McHale J, Vascotto C, Perrone L. Is Drp1 a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1166879. [PMID: 37251647 PMCID: PMC10213291 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1166879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances highlight that inflammation is critical to Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathogenesis. Indeed, several diseases characterized by inflammation are considered risk factors for AD, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and traumatic brain injury. Moreover, allelic variations in genes involved in the inflammatory cascade are risk factors for AD. AD is also characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, which affects the energy homeostasis of the brain. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction has been characterized mostly in neuronal cells. However, recent data are demonstrating that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs also in inflammatory cells, promoting inflammation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn induce neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize the recent finding supporting the hypothesis of the inflammatory-amyloid cascade in AD. Moreover, we describe the recent data that demonstrate the link between altered mitochondrial dysfunction and the inflammatory cascade. We focus in summarizing the role of Drp1, which is involved in mitochondrial fission, showing that altered Drp1 activation affects the mitochondrial homeostasis and leads to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, promoting the inflammatory cascade, which in turn aggravates Amyloid beta (Ab) deposition and tau-induced neurodegeneration, showing the relevance of this pro-inflammatory pathway as an early event in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Sbai
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Joshua McHale
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Vascotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lorena Perrone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Stennett A, Friston K, Harris CL, Wollman AJM, Bronowska AK, Madden KS. The case for complement component 5 as a target in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:97-109. [PMID: 36786123 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2177532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complement-based drug discovery is undergoing a renaissance, empowered by new advances in structural biology, complement biology and drug development. Certain components of the complement pathway, particularly C1q and C3, have been extensively studied in the context of neurodegenerative disease, and established as key therapeutic targets. C5 also has huge therapeutic potential in this arena, with its druggability clearly demonstrated by the success of C5-inhibitor eculizumab. AREAS COVERED We will discuss the evidence supporting C5 as a target in neurodegenerative disease, along with the current progress in developing different classes of C5 inhibitors and the gaps in knowledge that will help progress in the field. EXPERT OPINION Validation of C5 as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease would represent a major step forward for complement therapeutics research and has the potential to furnish disease-modifying drugs for millions of patients suffering worldwide. Key hurdles that need to be overcome for this to be achieved are understanding how C5a and C5b should be targeted to bring therapeutic benefit and demonstrating the ability to target C5 without creating vulnerability to infection in patients. This requires greater biological elucidation of its precise role in disease pathogenesis, supported by better chemical/biological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Stennett
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Kallie Friston
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Claire L Harris
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Adam J M Wollman
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Agnieszka K Bronowska
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Katrina S Madden
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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Ferreira I, Rauter AP, Bandarra NM. Marine Sources of DHA-Rich Phospholipids with Anti-Alzheimer Effect. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:662. [PMID: 36354985 PMCID: PMC9695993 DOI: 10.3390/md20110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and progressive disease, which affects millions of people around the world. Despite the many efforts over the years to find efficient therapeutics, there is no cure yet. Nonetheless, many compounds have been proven to decrease Alzheimer's symptoms. After a short overview of the hypotheses considered in AD drug development and the drugs approved for AD treatment, which lead to symptom release, we focus on the valorization of natural marine sources that decrease AD symptoms, particularly on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an important component in membrane phospholipids and the most abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) found in gray matter of the brain and in retina and on the DHA-containing phospholipids (DHA-PLs) present in marine sources, namely fish, krill, mollusks and in fisheries and aquaculture by-products. DHA-PLs' bioactivities are presented, namely their properties in anti-neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, as anticancer agents, as well as their benefits to obesity and visual problems. Fisheries and aquaculture by-products are also highlighted as they have a high content of DHA and DHA-rich phospholipids, can be extracted by green methodologies and should be considered in a circular economy for a healthy sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Ferreira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Amélia P. Rauter
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Narcisa M. Bandarra
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Gomez-Arboledas A, Carvalho K, Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Chu SH, Liang HY, Schartz ND, Selvan P, Petrisko TJ, Pan MA, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ. C5aR1 antagonism alters microglial polarization and mitigates disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:116. [PMID: 35978440 PMCID: PMC9386996 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have recognized the involvement of the complement cascade during Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. However, the specific role of C5a-C5aR1 signaling in the progression of this neurodegenerative disease is still not clear. Furthermore, its potential as a therapeutic target to treat AD still remains to be elucidated. Canonically, generation of the anaphylatoxin C5a as the result of complement activation and interaction with its receptor C5aR1 triggers a potent inflammatory response. Previously, genetic ablation of C5aR1 in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease exerted a protective effect by preventing cognitive deficits. Here, using PMX205, a potent, specific C5aR1 antagonist, in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease we show a striking reduction in dystrophic neurites in parallel with the reduced amyloid load, rescue of the excessive pre-synaptic loss associated with AD cognitive impairment and the polarization of microglial gene expression towards a DAM-like phenotype that are consistent with the neuroprotective effects seen. These data support the beneficial effect of a pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 as a promising therapeutic approach to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Supportive of the safety of this treatment is the recent FDA-approval of another other C5a receptor 1 antagonist, Avacopan, as a treatment for autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Klebea Carvalho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Yahan Liang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicole D Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Purnika Selvan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany J Petrisko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Miranda A Pan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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10
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Zelek WM, Morgan BP. Targeting complement in neurodegeneration: challenges, risks, and strategies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:615-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Torvell M, Carpanini SM, Daskoulidou N, Byrne RAJ, Sims R, Morgan BP. Genetic Insights into the Impact of Complement in Alzheimer's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1990. [PMID: 34946939 PMCID: PMC8702080 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of complement activation products at sites of pathology in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains is well known. Recent evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), combined with the demonstration that complement activation is pivotal in synapse loss in AD, strongly implicates complement in disease aetiology. Genetic variations in complement genes are widespread. While most variants individually have only minor effects on complement homeostasis, the combined effects of variants in multiple complement genes, referred to as the "complotype", can have major effects. In some diseases, the complotype highlights specific parts of the complement pathway involved in disease, thereby pointing towards a mechanism; however, this is not the case with AD. Here we review the complement GWAS hits; CR1 encoding complement receptor 1 (CR1), CLU encoding clusterin, and a suggestive association of C1S encoding the enzyme C1s, and discuss difficulties in attributing the AD association in these genes to complement function. A better understanding of complement genetics in AD might facilitate predictive genetic screening tests and enable the development of simple diagnostic tools and guide the future use of anti-complement drugs, of which several are currently in development for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah M. Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Nikoleta Daskoulidou
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Robert A. J. Byrne
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK;
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Ibanez L, Miller JB. Editorial for the Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Special Issue: October 2021. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1794. [PMID: 34828400 PMCID: PMC8619725 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex and multifactorial condition regulated by both genetics and lifestyle, which ultimately results in the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins in the brain, loss of gray matter, and neuronal death [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Justin B. Miller
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Gomez-Arboledas A, Acharya MM, Tenner AJ. The Role of Complement in Synaptic Pruning and Neurodegeneration. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:373-386. [PMID: 34595138 PMCID: PMC8478425 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s305420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system, an essential part of the innate immune system, is composed of a group of secreted and membrane proteins that collectively participate in maintaining the function of the healthy and diseased brain. However, an inappropriate activation of the complement system has been related to an inflammatory response in multiple diseases, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as Zika infection and radiotherapy. In addition, C1q and C3 (initial activation components of the complement cascade) have been shown to play a key beneficial role in the refinement of synaptic circuits during developmental stages and adult plasticity. Nevertheless, excessive synaptic pruning in the adult brain can be detrimental and has been associated with synaptic loss in several pathological conditions. In this brief review, we will discuss the role of the complement system in synaptic pruning as well as its contribution to neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. We also mention potential therapeutic approaches to target the complement system to treat several neuroinflammatory diseases and unintended consequences of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Heidari F, Ansstas G, Ajamian F. CD33 mRNA Has Elevated Expression Levels in the Leukocytes of Peripheral Blood in Patients with Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Gerontology 2021; 68:421-430. [PMID: 34569532 DOI: 10.1159/000518820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In despite of conflicting results among different ethnic groups, the rs3865444 of CD33 gene has previously been identified as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).This study was aimed to evaluate the association between rs3865444 SNP with LOAD occurrence, and to investigate whether CD33 mRNA expression will change in the leukocytes of peripheral blood in LOAD patients. METHODS The rs3865444 polymorphism was genotyped in 233 LOAD and 238 control subjects using the Tetra-ARMS-PCR method. CD33 mRNAs expression in leukocytes were assessed and analyzed using the real-time qPCR method. We used in silico approach to analyze potential effects imparted by rs3865444 polymorphism in LOAD pathogenesis. RESULTS Our results show a significant increase in CD33 mRNA expression levels in white blood cells of LOAD patients, however, the association between CD33 rs3865444 polymorphism and LOAD was found to be not significant. We also noticed that LOAD patients with the C/A genotype had higher CD33 mRNA levels in their peripheral blood than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS rs3865444, located upstream of the 5'CD33 coding region, might positively influence CD33 mRNAs expression in leukocytes of LOAD versus healthy people. This is likely to happen through interfering rs3865444 (C) with the functional activity of several other transcription factors given that rs3865444 is in linkage disequilibrium with other functional polymorphisms in this coding region according to an in silico study. We propose that CD33 mRNAs elevation in peripheral immune cells - as a potential biomarker in LOAD - is related to peripheral immune system impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Heidari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - George Ansstas
- Division of Oncology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Farzam Ajamian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Kurt Jellinger 90: his contribution to neuroimmunology. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1545-1550. [PMID: 34110492 PMCID: PMC8528743 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review honors Kurt Jellinger on his 90th birthday as one of the most outstanding neuropathologists, who has contributed immensely to neuroscience due to his vast experience and collection of excellently documented autopsy cases. Two of his many insightful reports are highlighted here. One report focuses on the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating diseases and investigates the neuropathology in autopsy tissue of a patient, who developed an MS-like disease after repeated treatment with lyophilized bovine brain cells in 1958. More than 60 years later, after reinvestigation of the historic samples in 2015 and subsequent mRNA isolation, next generation sequencing and reconstruction of the antibody, we succeeded in identifying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as the target antigen and provided the missing element between the pathomechanisms in classic EAE animal models and transfer of this disease process into humans. A second significant example of Kurt Jellinger’s contribution to neuroscience was a report on the role of MS in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which found that AD pathology is present to the same extent in demyelinated and non-demyelinated cortical areas in MS and the incidence for AD pathology in elderly MS patients is comparable to the normal-aging population. This indicates that chronic inflammation in the MS cortex alone does not significantly predispose to the development of cortical AD pathology. These and other findings were only possible due to the broad collection of extremely well-defined material established by Kurt Jellinger, which ultimately continues to contribute to translational neuroscience, even decades later.
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