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Khan J, Asif S, Ghani S, Khan H, Arshad MW, Khan SA, Lin S, Baple EL, Salter C, Crosby AH, Rawlins L, Shabbir MI. Mutational spectrum associated with oculocutaneous albinism and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in nine Pakistani families. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:345. [PMID: 39143519 PMCID: PMC11325792 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetically heterogeneous condition that is associated with reduced or absent melanin pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes, resulting in reduced vision, high sensitivity to light, and rapid and uncontrolled eye movements. To date, seventeen genes have been associated with OCA including syndromic and non-syndromic forms of the condition. METHODS Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify pathogenic variants in nine Pakistani families with OCA, with validation and segregation of candidate variants performed using Sanger sequencing. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of the identified variants was assessed using various in-silico tools and 3D protein structural analysis software. RESULTS WES identified biallelic variants in three genes explaining the OCA in these families, including four variants in TYR, three in OCA2, and two in HPS1, including two novel variants c.667C > T: p.(Gln223*) in TYR, and c.2009 T > C: p.(Leu670Pro) in HPS1. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study adds further knowledge of the genetic basis of OCA in Pakistani communities and facilitates improved management and counselling services for families suffering from severe genetic diseases in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, SA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saaim Asif
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shamsul Ghani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Arshad
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, VA CT Healthcare Center S116A2, West Haven, 06516, USA
| | - Shujaat Ali Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Siying Lin
- College of Medicine and Health, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Emma L Baple
- College of Medicine and Health, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Claire Salter
- College of Medicine and Health, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- College of Medicine and Health, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Lettie Rawlins
- College of Medicine and Health, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Muhammad Imran Shabbir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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Ullah MI. Clinical and Mutation Spectrum of Autosomal Recessive Non-Syndromic Oculocutaneous Albinism (nsOCA) in Pakistan: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061072. [PMID: 35741834 PMCID: PMC9222488 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive syndromic and non-syndromic defect with deficient or a complete lack of the melanin pigment. The characteristics of OCA appears in skin, hair, and eyes with variable degree of pigmentation. Clinical manifestations of OCA include nystagmus, photophobia, reduced visual acuity, hypo-plastic macula, and iris trans-illumination. There are eight OCA types (OCA1–8) documented with non-syndromic characteristics. Molecular studies identified seven genes linked to the OCA phenotype (TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, C10orf11, and DCT) and one locus (OCA5) in consanguineous and sporadic albinism. The complications of OCA result in skin cancer and variable syndromes such as Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS). In the Pakistani population, autosomal recessive non-syndromic OCA is common and is associated with a large number of consanguineous families, and mutations in genes of non-syndromic types are reported. This review highlights the updates on the genetic mutation of OCA genes reported from Pakistani families. Several studies reported the genetic mutations in OCA1, OCA2, OCA3, OCA4, and OCA6 albinism in Pakistani families. A locus, OCA5, was also reported from the Pakistani population, but the gene has not been identified. A new type of OCA8 was identified due to the DCT gene mutation, and it is also reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 75471, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
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Wang Q, Zhang YS, Peng QL, Wen B, Gao JZ, Chen ZZ. Distinct skin morphological and transcriptomic profiles between wild and albino Oscar Astronotus ocellatus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 41:100944. [PMID: 34864613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oscar Astronotus ocellatus is an important ornamental fish, including albino and wild varieties. Albino individuals attract aquarium hobbyists due to their unique body color, but studies on the species' albinism mechanism are currently scarce. Here, we investigated the morphological and transcriptomic profiles of the skin of albino and wild Oscar. The results showed that the albino type had fewer oval-shaped melanophores and immature melanosomes but that the wild type contained more stellate-shaped melanophores and mature melanosomes. Albino Oscar had a degenerative pigment layer without obvious melanin deposition and content, while the wild type contained more concentrated melanin within the pigment layer. A total of 272,392 unigenes were detected, 109 of which were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between albino and wild Oscar. Pathways of DEGs, including those involved in complement and coagulation cascades, novobiocin biosynthesis, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, and tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis, were significantly enriched. DEGs, including upregulated Sfrp5 and Tat, and downregulated Wnt-10a, Ppp3c, Notch1 and Trim27 involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, tyrosine metabolism, MAPK signaling pathway and melanogenesis, might be associated with the albinism of Oscar. This study characterized the difference in melanophore morphology between wild and albino Oscar and identified some albinism-related candidate genes and signaling pathways, helping to understand the genetic mechanism of fish albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yan-Shen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qi-Lin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Lin S, Sanchez-Bretaño A, Leslie JS, Williams KB, Lee H, Thomas NS, Callaway J, Deline J, Ratnayaka JA, Baralle D, Schmitt MA, Norman CS, Hammond S, Harlalka GV, Ennis S, Cross HE, Wenger O, Crosby AH, Baple EL, Self JE. Evidence that the Ser192Tyr/Arg402Gln in cis Tyrosinase gene haplotype is a disease-causing allele in oculocutaneous albinism type 1B (OCA1B). NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:2. [PMID: 35027574 PMCID: PMC8758782 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is caused by pathogenic variants in the TYR (tyrosinase) gene which encodes the critical and rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis. It is the most common OCA subtype found in Caucasians, accounting for ~50% of cases worldwide. The apparent 'missing heritability' in OCA is well described, with ~25-30% of clinically diagnosed individuals lacking two clearly pathogenic variants. Here we undertook empowered genetic studies in an extensive multigenerational Amish family, alongside a review of previously published literature, a retrospective analysis of in-house datasets, and tyrosinase activity studies. Together this provides irrefutable evidence of the pathogenicity of two common TYR variants, p.(Ser192Tyr) and p.(Arg402Gln) when inherited in cis alongside a pathogenic TYR variant in trans. We also show that homozygosity for the p.(Ser192Tyr)/p.(Arg402Gln) TYR haplotype results in a very mild, but fully penetrant, albinism phenotype. Together these data underscore the importance of including the TYR p.(Ser192Tyr)/p.(Arg402Gln) in cis haplotype as a pathogenic allele causative of OCA, which would likely increase molecular diagnoses in this missing heritability albinism cohort by 25-50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Lin
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Aida Sanchez-Bretaño
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joseph S Leslie
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Katie B Williams
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - Helena Lee
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - N Simon Thomas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - Jonathan Callaway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - James Deline
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diana Baralle
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Melanie A Schmitt
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chelsea S Norman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Sheri Hammond
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - Gaurav V Harlalka
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
- Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, Buldana, India
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harold E Cross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Olivia Wenger
- New Leaf Clinic, PO Box 336, 16014 East Chestnut Street, Mount Eaton, OH, 44691, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, 214 West Bowery Street, Akron, OH, 44308, USA
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Emma L Baple
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Jay E Self
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
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