The T Cell Receptor (TRB) Locus in Tursiops truncatus: From Sequence to Structure of the Alpha/Beta Heterodimer in the Human/Dolphin Comparison

IMGT®Homo sapiens IG and TR Loci, Gene Order, CNV and Haplotypes: New Concepts as a Paradigm for Jawed Vertebrates Genome Assemblies

IMGT^®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system^®, created in 1989, by Marie-Paule Lefranc (Université de Montpellier and CNRS), marked the advent of immunoinformatics, a new science which emerged at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics for the study of the adaptive immune responses. IMGT^® is based on a standardized nomenclature of the immunoglobulin (IG) and T cell receptor (TR) genes and alleles from fish to humans and on the IMGT unique numbering for the variable (V) and constant (C) domains of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) of vertebrates and invertebrates, and for the groove (G) domain of the major histocompatibility (MH) and MH superfamily (MhSF) proteins. IMGT^® comprises 7 databases, 17 tools and more than 25,000 pages of web resources for sequences, genes and structures, based on the IMGT Scientific chart rules generated from the IMGT-ONTOLOGY axioms and concepts. IMGT^® reference directories are used for the analysis of the NGS high-throughput expressed IG and TR repertoires (natural, synthetic and/or bioengineered) and for bridging sequences, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structures. This manuscript focuses on the IMGT^®Homo sapiens IG and TR loci, gene order, copy number variation (CNV) and haplotypes new concepts, as a paradigm for jawed vertebrates genome assemblies.

IMGT® databases, related tools and web resources through three main axes of research and development

IMGT^®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system^®, http://www.imgt.org/, is at the forefront of the immunogenetics and immunoinformatics fields with more than 30 years of experience. IMGT^® makes available databases and tools to the scientific community pertaining to the adaptive immune response, based on the IMGT-ONTOLOGY. We focus on the recent features of the IMGT^® databases, tools, reference directories and web resources, within the three main axes of IMGT^® research and development. Axis I consists in understanding the adaptive immune response, by deciphering the identification and characterization of the immunoglobulin (IG) and T cell receptor (TR) genes in jawed vertebrates. It is the starting point of the two other axes, namely the analysis and exploration of the expressed IG and TR repertoires based on comparison with IMGT reference directories in normal and pathological situations (Axis II) and the analysis of amino acid changes and functions of 2D and 3D structures of antibody and TR engineering (Axis III).