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Wang L, Liu Q, Guo P, Gao Z, Chen D, Zhang T, Ning J. Evaluation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis in the Bean Bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:960. [PMID: 38132633 PMCID: PMC10743553 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is widely accepted as a precise and convenient method for quantitatively analyzing the expression of functional genes. The data normalization strongly depends upon stable reference genes. The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae), is a significant pest of leguminous crops and broadly distributed across Southeast Asia. In this study, a total of 16 candidate reference genes (RPL32, RPS23, SDHA, UBQ, UCCR, GST, TATA-box, HSP70, GAPDH, RPL7A, SOD, RPS3, Actin, α-tubulin, AK, and EF1) were carefully chosen in R. pedestris, and their expression levels were assessed across various conditions, including different developmental stages, diverse tissues, temperature treatments, adult age, molting time, and mating status. Following this, the stability of these reference genes was evaluated using four algorithms (ΔCt, GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper). Ultimately, the comprehensive rankings were determined using the online tool RefFinder. Our results demonstrate that the reference gene for qRT-PCR analysis in R. pedestris is contingent upon the specific experimental conditions. RPL7A and EF1 are optimal reference genes for developmental stages. Furthermore, α-tubulin and EF1 exhibit the most stable expression across various adult tissues. RPL32 and RPL7A exhibit the most stable expression for adult age. For nymph age, RPL32 and SOD display the most stable expression. For temperature conditions, RPS23 and RPL7A were identified as the most suitable for monitoring gene expression. Lastly, we verified the practicability of evaluating expression levels of odorant-binding protein 37 (RpedOBP37) and cytochrome P450 6a2 (RpedCYP6) throughout developmental stages, tissues, and temperature conditions. These findings are a significant addition to the qRT-PCR analysis studies on R. pedestris, serving as a fundamental groundwork for future investigations on stable reference genes in R. pedestris as well as other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Pei Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding 071000, China; (P.G.); (Z.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Zhanlin Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding 071000, China; (P.G.); (Z.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding 071000, China; (P.G.); (Z.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding 071000, China; (P.G.); (Z.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Jun Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.)
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Shen XX, Zhang GQ, Zhao YX, Zhu XX, Yu XF, Yang MF, Zhang F. Selection and validation of optimal reference genes for RT-qPCR analyses in Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1277942. [PMID: 37954450 PMCID: PMC10634233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1277942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphidoletes aphidimyza is a predator that is an important biological agent used to control agricultural and forestry aphids. Although many studies have investigated its biological and ecological characteristics, few molecular studies have been reported. The current study was performed to identify suitable reference genes to facilitate future gene expression and function analyses via quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Eight reference genes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), RPS13, RPL8, RPS3, α-Tub, β-actin, RPL32, and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) were selected. Their expression levels were determined under four different experimental conditions (developmental stages, adult tissues, sugar treatment, and starvation treatment) using qRT-PCR technology. The stability was evaluated with five methods (Ct value, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder). The results showed that GAPDH, RPL32, and EF1-α were ranked as the best reference gene combinations for measuring gene expression levels among different developing stages and in various starvation treatments. RPL8 and RPS3 were recommended to normalize the gene expression levels among different adult tissues. RPL32, β-actin, and EF1-α were recommended sugar-feeding conditions. To validate the utility of the selected reference pair, RPL8, and RPS3, we estimated the tissue-biased expression level of a chemosensory protein gene (AaphCSP1). As expected, AaphCSP1 is highly expressed in the antennae and lowly expressed in the abdomen. These findings will lay the foundation for future research on the molecular physiology and biochemistry of A. aphidimyza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xian Shen
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Yu
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Prasannakumar NR, Jyothi N, Prasadbabu K, Ramkumar G, Asokan R, Saroja S, Sridhar V. Evidence-based insecticide resistance in South American tomato leaf miner, Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) under laboratory selection. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:419-429. [PMID: 36920057 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The South American tomato moth, Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick), is one of the key pests of tomato in India. Since its report in 2014, chemical control has been the main means of tackling this pest, both in the open field and protected cultivation. Despite regular insecticidal sprays, many outbreaks were reported from major tomato-growing regions of South India during 2019-2020. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of insecticide resistance on biology, biochemical enzymes, and gene expression in various P. absoluta field populations viz., Bangalore, Kolar, Madurai, Salem, and Anantapur to commonly used insecticides such as flubendiamide, cyantraniliprole, and indoxacarb. Increased levels of insecticide resistance ratios (RR) were recorded in P. absoluta populations of different locations. A significant increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP/MFO) and esterase levels was noticed in the resistant population compared to susceptible one. Through molecular studies, we identified four new CYP genes viz., CYP248f (flubendiamide), CYP272c, CYP724c (cyantraniliprole), and CYP648i (indoxacarb). The expression levels of these genes significantly increased as the folds of resistance increased from G1 to G20 (generation), indicating involvement of the identified genes in insecticide resistance development in P. absoluta. In addition, the resistant populations showed decreased fecundity, increased larval development period, and adult longevity, resulting in more crop damage. The information generated in the present study thus helps in understanding the development of insecticide resistance by P. absoluta and suggests the farmers and researchers to use insecticides wisely by adopting insecticide resistance management as a strategy under integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Prasannakumar
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - N Jyothi
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - K Prasadbabu
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - G Ramkumar
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - R Asokan
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - S Saroja
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - V Sridhar
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India
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He F, Gui L, Zhang Y, Zhu B, Zhang X, Shen M, Wan F, Yang L, Xiao J. Validation of reference genes for gene expression analysis in fruit development of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. using quantitative real-time PCR. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16946. [PMID: 36210363 PMCID: PMC9548497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. (VBT) is widely distributed in the mountainous areas in eastern and southern China. VBT leaves have great medical value and can be used to stain rice to produce "Wumifan". Its fruits also contain rich nutrients. However, there has been limited attention to exploring the molecular content of VBT. Previously, we performed RNA-seq on three typical VBT fruits that were at various stages of ripening, although a reliable reference gene was lost in validation.In this study, we selected ten candidate reference genes based on previous studies and transcriptomics analyses. Subsequently, these genes were evaluated using a combination of methods, including geNorm, NormFinder, and Bestkeeper, with a comprehensive ranking assessment. As a result, we found that the actin2, NADH, and ADK genes have high reliability for analysing the expression levels of genes involved in fruit development. Furthermore, the transcript levels of 15 DEGs from transcriptomic analysis were assessed using NADH as a reference gene, and RT-qPCR data were highly consistent with the transcriptomic data. These results provide reliable reference genes for further studying gene expression, which will be beneficial for comprehensively exploring VBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- grid.440646.40000 0004 1760 6105College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Liangxian Gui
- grid.440646.40000 0004 1760 6105College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- grid.440646.40000 0004 1760 6105College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Bo Zhu
- grid.440646.40000 0004 1760 6105College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- grid.440646.40000 0004 1760 6105College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Min Shen
- grid.440646.40000 0004 1760 6105College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Fengying Wan
- grid.440646.40000 0004 1760 6105College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Lu Yang
- grid.440646.40000 0004 1760 6105College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Jiaxin Xiao
- grid.440646.40000 0004 1760 6105College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
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