DNA Methylation Level Changes in Transgenic Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) Plants and Their Effects on Corresponding Gene Expression Patterns

Genetic Research and Plant Breeding

In the past 20 years, plant genetics and breeding research using molecular biology has been greatly improved via the functional analysis of genes, species identification and transformation techniques [...].

Competitive binding of TET1 and DNMT3A/B cooperates the DNA methylation pattern in human embryonic stem cells

DNMT3A/B and TET1 play indispensable roles in regulating DNA methylation that undergoes extensive reprogramming during mammalian embryogenesis. Yet the competitive and cooperative relationships between TET1 and DNMT3A/B remain largely unknown in the human embryonic stem cells. Here, we revealed that the main DNA-binding domain of TET1 contains more positive charges by using charge reduction of amino acid alphabet, followed by DNMT3A and DNMT3B. The genome-wide binding profiles showed that TET1 prefers binding to the proximal promoters and CpG islands compared with DNMT3A/B. Moreover, the binding regions of these three transcription factors can be divided into specific and co-binding regions. And a stronger inhibitory effect of DNMT3A on TET1 demethylation was observed in co-binding regions. Furthermore, we integrated TET1 knockout data to further discuss the competitive binding patterns of TET1 and DNMT3A/B. The lack of TET1 increased the occupation of DNMT3A/B at the specific binding regions of TET1 causing focal hypermethylation. The knockout of TET1 was also accompanied by a reduction of DNMT3A/B binding in the co-binding regions, further confirming the cooperative binding function between TET1 and DNMT3A/B. In conclusion, our studies found that the competitive binding of TET1 and DNMT3A/B cooperatively shapes the global DNA methylation pattern in human embryonic stem cells.