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Tabęcka-Łonczyńska A, Koszła O, Sołek P. Unraveling the anti-androgenic mechanism of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) via the non-classical testosterone pathway and steroidogenesis: Potential human reproductive health implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142802. [PMID: 38996977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The decline in male reproductive health, characterized by diminishing sperm count and testosterone levels, has raised concerns about environmental influences, particularly endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate (TBC), a novel brominated flame retardant widely used in electronics, textiles, and furniture, has emerged as a significant environmental contaminant with potential reproductive health implications. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying TBC-induced reproductive toxicity, particularly focusing on its impact on steroidogenesis and androgen signaling pathways using the GC-1 spg cell line as an in vitro model. Exposure of GC-1 spg cells to TBC, alone or in combination with testosterone or the anti-androgen flutamide resulted in decreased metabolic activity and increased lactate dehydrogenase release, indicating cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, TBC exposure led to a reduction in progesterone synthesis, while testosterone production remained unaffected. Interestingly, estradiol synthesis was diminished after TBC exposure, suggesting a disruption in steroid hormone balance critical for spermatogenesis. Mechanistic investigations revealed alterations in key proteins involved in the non-classical testosterone pathway and steroidogenesis. TBC exposure downregulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), protein kinase B (AKT), and phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), indicating suppression of non-classical androgen signaling. Additionally, decreased levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3β1) suggest impaired steroidogenesis. Here we uncover the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying TBC-induced reproductive toxicity, highlighting its potential to disrupt steroid hormone synthesis and androgen signaling pathways. Understanding the adverse effects of TBC on male reproductive health is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate its environmental impact and safeguard human fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tabęcka-Łonczyńska
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Oliwia Koszła
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Sołek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
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Odetayo AF, Akhigbe RE, Hamed MA, Balogun ME, Oluwole DT, Olayaki LA. Omega-3 fatty acids abrogates oxido-inflammatory and mitochondrial dysfunction-associated apoptotic responses in testis of tamoxifen-treated rats. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1443895. [PMID: 39149552 PMCID: PMC11324566 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1443895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen (TAM) is a widely used drug in patients with gynecomastia and breast cancer. TAM exerts its anticancer effects via its antiestrogenic activities. Unfortunately, TAM has been reported to exert gonadotoxic effects on male testes. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the possible associated mechanisms involved in TAM-induced testicular dysfunction and the possible ameliorative effects of omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA). Methodology Animals were randomly divided into control, O3FA, TAM, and TAM + O3FA. All treatment lasted for 28 days. Results TAM exposure impaired sperm qualities (count, motility, and normal morphology) and decreased testicular 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD. It was accompanied by a decline in serum testosterone and an increase in estradiol, luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones. These observed alterations were associated with an increase in testicular injury markers, oxido-inflammatory response, and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. These observed alterations were ameliorated by O3FA treatments. Conclusions O3FA ameliorated TAM-induced testicular dysfunction in male Wistar rats by modulating XO/UA and Nrf2/NF-kb signaling and cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis in TAM-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi Fatai Odetayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila Orangun, Nigeria
| | - Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Moses Agbomhere Hamed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
- The Brainwill Laboratories and Biomedical Services, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Morufu Eyitayo Balogun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila Orangun, Nigeria
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Rashad DEM, Ibrahim S, El-Sokary MMM, Mahmoud KGM, Kandiel MMM, Abou El-Roos MEA, Sosa GAM. Region-specific gene expression profile in the epididymis of high- and low-fertile dromedary camels. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14678. [PMID: 39031030 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The scenario of the fertile spermatozoa with high fertilizing capability is basically dependent on gene expression-based epididymal function. The current investigation aimed to declare the varied expression of different candidate genes (PLA2G4D, LCN15, CLUAP1, SPP1, AQP12B, DEFB110 and ESR1) relevant to spermatozoa features between the different epididymal segments in the mature dromedary camels (n = 30). Scrotal contents were collected post-slaughtering, during the breeding season and the epididymis was separated from the testicles and divided into three segments (caput, corpus and cauda) based on its morphology and anatomical characteristics. Epididymal spermatozoa were harvested from each epididymal portion and evaluated for motility, count, viability and morphology. Samples were grouped depending on their epididymal sperm cells features into high-fertile (n = 15) and low-fertile (n = 15) groups. The gene expression of the candidate genes was defined in the isolated RNA from each epididymal portion tissue. The segmental sperm motion and count were significantly (p < .05 and p < .01) higher in the three epididymal parts of high-fertile camels than the lower ones. There were some candidate genes markedly up-regulated in its expression in epididymal head of high-fertile camels (PLA2G4D and LCN15) and low fertile (CLUAP1), while others in the body region of the high-fertile group (SPP1, AQP12B and DEFB110). Nevertheless, ER1 did not differ in the expression among the epididymal segments. In conclusion, the variant expression patterns of these epididymal genes in relation to the regional spermatozoa features might suggest important roles of these genes in sperm maturation process in the epididymis and focusing more interest on their potential utility as markers for male camel fertility prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina E M Rashad
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Sally Ibrahim
- Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M El-Sokary
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Karima Gh M Mahmoud
- Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Kandiel
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Gamal A M Sosa
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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El Fouikar S, Van Acker N, Héliès V, Frenois FX, Giton F, Gayrard V, Dauwe Y, Mselli-Lakhal L, Rousseau-Ralliard D, Fournier N, Léandri R, Gatimel N. Folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis alterations after chronic exposure to a human-relevant mixture of environmental toxicants spare the ovarian reserve in the rabbit model. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:134. [PMID: 38943138 PMCID: PMC11214233 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Industrial progress has led to the omnipresence of chemicals in the environment of the general population, including reproductive-aged and pregnant women. The reproductive function of females is a well-known target of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. This function holds biological processes that are decisive for the fertility of women themselves and for the health of future generations. However, insufficient research has evaluated the risk of combined mixtures on this function. This study aimed to assess the direct impacts of a realistic exposure to eight combined environmental toxicants on the critical process of folliculogenesis. METHODS Female rabbits were exposed daily and orally to either a mixture of eight environmental toxicants (F group) or the solvent mixture (NE group, control) from 2 to 19 weeks of age. The doses were computed from previous toxicokinetic data to reproduce steady-state serum concentrations in rabbits in the range of those encountered in pregnant women. Ovarian function was evaluated through macroscopic and histological analysis of the ovaries, serum hormonal assays and analysis of the expression of steroidogenic enzymes. Cellular dynamics in the ovary were further investigated with Ki67 staining and TUNEL assays. RESULTS F rabbits grew similarly as NE rabbits but exhibited higher total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in adulthood. They also presented a significantly elevated serum testosterone concentrations, while estradiol, progesterone, AMH and DHEA levels remained unaffected. The measurement of gonadotropins, androstenedione, pregnenolone and estrone levels yielded values below the limit of quantification. Among the 7 steroidogenic enzymes tested, an isolated higher expression of Cyp19a1 was measured in F rabbits ovaries. Those ovaries presented a significantly greater density/number of antral and atretic follicles and larger antral follicles without any changes in cellular proliferation or DNA fragmentation. No difference was found regarding the count of other follicle stages notably the primordial stage, the corpora lutea or AMH serum levels. CONCLUSION Folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis seem to be subtly altered by exposure to a human-like mixture of environmental toxicants. The antral follicle growth appears promoted by the mixture of chemicals both in their number and size, potentially explaining the increase in atretic antral follicles. Reassuringly, the ovarian reserve estimated through primordial follicles number/density and AMH is spared from any alteration. The consequences of these changes on fertility and progeny health have yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara El Fouikar
- ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Van Acker
- Plateforme Imag'IN, Service d'anatomopathologie, CHU Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Héliès
- GenPhySE (Génétique Physiologie et Système d'Elevage), INRAE, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - François-Xavier Frenois
- Plateforme Imag'IN, Service d'anatomopathologie, CHU Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frank Giton
- Pôle Biologie-Pathologie Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Inserm IMRB U955, Créteil, France
| | - Véronique Gayrard
- ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Dauwe
- ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Rousseau-Ralliard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, BREED, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Natalie Fournier
- Athérosclérose et macrophages: impact des phospholipides et des fonctions mitochondriales sur l'efflux du cholestérol, Lip(Sys) Université Paris Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, Orsay, EA, 7357, 91400, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Roger Léandri
- ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
- Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Nicolas Gatimel
- Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- DEFE (Développement Embryonnaire, Fertilité et Environnement) UMR1203 Inserm, Universités Toulouse et Montpellier, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Rashad DEM, Ibrahim S, El-Sokary MMM, Mahmoud KGM, Abou El-Roos MEA, Sosa GAM, Kandiel MMM. Abundance of selected genes implicated in testicular functions in Camelus dromedarius with high and low epididymal semen quality. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:501-508. [PMID: 38145478 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying testicular genes' expression may give key insights into precise regulation of its functions that influence epididymal sperm quality. The current study aimed to investigate the abundance of candidate genes involved in the regulation of testicular functions specially those regulate sperm function (PLA2G4D, SPP1, and CLUAP1), testicular steroidogenic function (ESR1 and AR), materials transport (AQP12B and LCN15), and defense mechanisms (DEFB110, GPX5, SOCS3, and IL6). Therefore, blood samples and testes with epididymis were collected from mature middle-aged (5-10 years) dromedary camels (n = 45) directly prior and after their slaughtering, respectively, during breeding season. Sera were evaluated for testosterone level and testicular biometry was measured with caliper. The epididymal tail semen was evaluated manually. Samples were distinguished based on testosterone level, testicular biometry, as well as epididymal semen features into high and low fertile groups. Total RNA was isolated from testicular tissues and gene expression was done using Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Results revealed that testosterone levels were significantly (P < 0.005) higher in camels with good semen quality than those of low quality. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in testicular weight, length, width, thickness, and volume in high fertile than low fertile camels. PLA2G4D, SPP1, CLUAP1, ESR1, AR, AQP12B, LCN15, DEFB110, GPX5, and SOCS3 genes were upregulated (P < 0.001), and IL6 gene was downregulated (P < 0.01) in the testes of high fertile camels compared to the low fertile one. Thus, it could be concluded that examined genes might be valuable monitors of testicular functional status and fertility in dromedary camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina E M Rashad
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Sally Ibrahim
- Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M El-Sokary
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Karima Gh M Mahmoud
- Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Gamal A M Sosa
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Kandiel
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Helal M, Sameh J, Gharib S, Merghany RM, Bozhilova-Sakova M, Ragab M. Candidate genes associated with reproductive traits in rabbits. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:94. [PMID: 38441694 PMCID: PMC10914644 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In the era of scientific advances and genetic progress, opportunities in the livestock sector are constantly growing. The application of molecular-based methods and approaches in farm animal breeding would accelerate and improve the expected results. The current work aims to comprehensively review the most important causative mutations in candidate genes that affect prolificacy traits in rabbits. Rabbits are a source of excellent-tasting meat that is high in protein and low in fat. Their early maturity and intensive growth are highly valued all over the world. However, improving reproductive traits and prolificacy in rabbits could be very tricky with traditional selection. Therefore, traditional breeding programs need new methods based on contemporary discoveries in molecular biology and genetics because of the complexity of the selection process. The study and implementation of genetic markers related to production in rabbits will help to create populations with specific productive traits that will produce the desired results in an extremely short time. Many studies worldwide showed an association between different genes and productive traits in rabbits. The study of these polymorphisms and their effects could be useful for molecular-oriented breeding, particularly marker-assisted selection programs in rabbit breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Helal
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Jana Sameh
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Sama Gharib
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Rana M Merghany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Ragab
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Li Y, Zheng Z, Luo D, Liu C, Yang S, Chen Y, Hu Q, Lu W, Wang Y, Mei S. Reproductive hormones, organophosphate esters and semen quality: Exploring associations and mediation effects among men from an infertility clinic. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117458. [PMID: 37884071 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that organophosphate esters (OPEs) exposure may affect semen quality. As a crucial factor in male reproduction, reproductive hormones might be linked organophosphate esters (OPEs) exposure and semen quality. This study aimed to explore the mediating role of reproductive hormones on the association between OPEs exposure and semen quality. Five serum reproductive hormones, semen quality, and 16 urinary OPE metabolites were measured among 491 reproductive-aged men from a reproductive center. The associations of urinary OPE metabolites with reproductive hormones and semen quality were assessed using multivariable linear regression models, and the mediating role of reproductive hormones was evaluated by mediation analyses. We found that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was positively associated with diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) that in turn was negatively associated with sperm total count. In addition, inverse associations were exhibited between serum FSH and sperm concentration, sperm total count, total motility, and progressive motility (all Ptrend <0.05). Mediation analysis further showed that FSH mediated 13.7% of the inverse association of DPHP and sperm total count. Although further investigations are required, our results suggest that FSH was an intermediate mechanism in the associations between OPEs exposure and impaired semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Zhiyi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Chong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sijie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Southern Medical University Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Wenqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Rd, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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