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Mezzasalma M, Brunelli E, Odierna G, Guarino FM. Evolutionary and Genomic Diversity of True Polyploidy in Tetrapods. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061033. [PMID: 36978574 PMCID: PMC10044425 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
True polyploid organisms have more than two chromosome sets in their somatic and germline cells. Polyploidy is a major evolutionary force and has played a significant role in the early genomic evolution of plants, different invertebrate taxa, chordates, and teleosts. However, the contribution of polyploidy to the generation of new genomic, ecological, and species diversity in tetrapods has traditionally been underestimated. Indeed, polyploidy represents an important pathway of genomic evolution, occurring in most higher-taxa tetrapods and displaying a variety of different forms, genomic configurations, and biological implications. Herein, we report and discuss the available information on the different origins and evolutionary and ecological significance of true polyploidy in tetrapods. Among the main tetrapod lineages, modern amphibians have an unparalleled diversity of polyploids and, until recently, they were considered to be the only vertebrates with closely related diploid and polyploid bisexual species or populations. In reptiles, polyploidy was thought to be restricted to squamates and associated with parthenogenesis. In birds and mammals, true polyploidy has generally been considered absent (non-tolerated). These views are being changed due to an accumulation of new data, and the impact as well as the different evolutionary and ecological implications of polyploidy in tetrapods, deserve a broader evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mezzasalma
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Gaetano Odierna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy (F.M.G.)
| | - Fabio Maria Guarino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy (F.M.G.)
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Matveevsky S, Tropin N, Kucheryavyy A, Kolomiets O. The First Analysis of Synaptonemal Complexes in Jawless Vertebrates: Chromosome Synapsis and Transcription Reactivation at Meiotic Prophase I in the Lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (Petromyzontiformes, Cyclostomata). Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020501. [PMID: 36836858 PMCID: PMC9959970 DOI: 10.3390/life13020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription is known to be substage-specific in meiotic prophase I. If transcription is reactivated in the mid pachytene stage in mammals when synapsis is completed, then this process is observed in the zygotene stage in insects. The process of transcriptional reactivation has been studied in a small number of different taxa of invertebrates and vertebrates. Here, for the first time, we investigate synapsis and transcription in prophase I in the European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (Petromyzontiformes, Cyclostomata), which is representative of jawless vertebrates that diverged from the main branch of vertebrates between 535 and 462 million years ago. We found that not all chromosomes complete synapsis in telomeric regions. Rounded structures were detected in chromatin and in some synaptonemal complexes, but their nature could not be determined conclusively. An analysis of RNA polymerase II distribution led to the conclusion that transcriptional reactivation in lamprey prophase I is not associated with the completion of chromosome synapsis. Monomethylated histone H3K4 is localized in meiotic chromatin throughout prophase I, and this pattern has not been previously detected in animals. Thus, the findings made it possible to identify synaptic and epigenetic patterns specific to this group and to expand knowledge about chromatin epigenetics in prophase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Matveevsky
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikolay Tropin
- Vologda Branch of the Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, 160012 Vologda, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Kucheryavyy
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana Kolomiets
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Cytogenetic Analysis of the Bimodal Karyotype of the Common European Adder, Vipera berus (Viperidae). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243563. [PMID: 36552484 PMCID: PMC9774092 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vipera berus is the species with the largest range of snakes on Earth and one of the largest among reptiles in general. It is also the only snake species found in the Arctic Circle. Vipera berus is the most involved species of the genus Vipera in the process of interspecific hybridization in nature. The taxonomy of the genus Vipera is based on molecular markers and morphology and requires clarification using SC-karyotyping. This work is a detailed comparative study of the somatic and meiotic karyotypes of V. berus, with special attention to DNA and protein markers associated with synaptonemal complexes. The karyotype of V. berus is a remarkable example of a bimodal karyotype containing both 16 large macrochromosomes and 20 microchromosomes. We traced the stages of the asynchronous assembly of both types of bivalents. The number of crossing-over sites per pachytene nucleus, the localization of the nucleolar organizer, and the unique heterochromatin block on the autosomal bivalent 6-an important marker-were determined. Our results show that the average number of crossing-over sites per pachytene nucleus is 49.5, and the number of MLH1 sites per bivalent 1 reached 11, which is comparable to several species of agamas.
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Arakelyan M, Spangenberg V, Petrosyan V, Ryskov A, Kolomiets O, Galoyan E. Evolution of parthenogenetic reproduction in Caucasian rock lizards: A review. Curr Zool 2022; 69:128-135. [PMID: 37091994 PMCID: PMC10120964 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite numerous works devoted to hybrid origin of parthenogenesis in reptiles, the causes of hybridization between different species, resulting in the origin of parthenogenetic forms, remain uncertain. Recent studies demonstrate that sexual species considered parental to parthenogenetic rock lizards (Darevskia spp) avoid interspecific mating in the secondary overlap areas. A specific combination of environmental factors during last glaciation period was critical for ectotherms, which led to a change in their distribution and sex ratio. Biased population structure (e.g., male bias) and limited available distributional range favoured the deviation of reproductive behaviour when species switched to interspecific mates. To date, at least seven diploid parthenogenetic species of rock lizards (Darevskia, Lacertidae) originated through interspecific hybridization in the past. The cytogenetic specifics of meiosis, in particular the weak checkpoints of prophase I, may have allowed the formation of hybrid karyotypes in rock lizards. Hybridization and polyploidization are two important evolutionary forces in the genus Darevskia. At present, throughout backcrossing between parthenogenetic and parental species, the triploid and tetraploid hybrid individuals appear annually, but no triploid species found among Darevskia spp on current stage of evolution. The speciation by hybridization with the long-term stage of diploid parthenogenetic species, non-distorted meiosis, together with the high ecological plasticity of Caucasian rock lizards provide us with a new model for considering the pathways and persistence of the evolution of parthenogenesis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Arakelyan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | | | - Varos Petrosyan
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Eduard Galoyan
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Russia
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Tichopád T, Franěk R, Doležálková-Kaštánková M, Dedukh D, Marta A, Halačka K, Steinbach C, Janko K, Pšenička M. Clonal gametogenesis is triggered by intrinsic stimuli in the hybrid's germ cells but is dependent on sex differentiation. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:446-457. [PMID: 35416937 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization may trigger the transition from sexual reproduction to asexuality, but mechanistic reasons for such a change in a hybrid's reproduction are poorly understood. Gametogenesis of many asexual hybrids involves a stage of premeiotic endoreduplication (PMER), when gonial cells duplicate chromosomes and subsequent meiotic divisions involve bivalents between identical copies, leading to production of clonal gametes. Here, we investigated the triggers of PMER and whether its induction is linked to intrinsic stimuli within a hybrid's gonial cells or whether it is regulated by the surrounding gonadal tissue. We investigated gametogenesis in the Cobitis taenia hybrid complex, which involves sexually reproducing species (Cobitis elongatoides and C. taenia) as well as their hybrids, where females reproduce clonally via PMER while males are sterile. We transplanted spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) from C. elongatoides and triploid hybrid males into embryos of sexual species and of asexual hybrid females, respectively, and observed their development in an allospecific gonadal environment. Sexual SSCs underwent regular meiosis and produced normally reduced gametes when transplanted into clonal females. On the other hand, the hybrid's SSCs lead to sterility when transplanted into sexual males, but maintained their ability to undergo asexual development (PMER) and production of clonal eggs, when transplanted into sexual females. This suggests that asexual gametogenesis is under complex control when somatic gonadal tissue indirectly affects the execution of asexual development by determining the sexual differentiation of stem cells and once such cells develop to female phenotypes, hybrid germ cells trigger the PMER from their intrinsic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Tichopád
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Franěk
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Doležálková-Kaštánková
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Anatolie Marta
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Liběchov, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Zoology, Academy of Science of Moldova, MD-2028, Academiei 1, 2001 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Karel Halačka
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Liběchov, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Liběchov, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pšenička
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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6
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Sun D, Yu H, Li Q. Genome-Wide Differential DNA Methylomes Provide Insights into the Infertility of Triploid Oysters. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:18-31. [PMID: 35041105 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal incompatibility and gene expression changes would affect the development of polyploid gonad and gamete formation. The role of epigenetics like DNA methylation in reproductive development is fully demonstrated in diploid animals. The lack of polyploid species and the infertility of polyploid animals, especially the odd ploidy, limit the study of epigenetic regulation mechanism of polyploid reproduction. Fertile and infertile individuals exist in triploid Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which provide an interesting model for studies on the effect of epigenetic regulation on gonadal development. The whole genome single base resolution DNA methylomes in gonads of triploid females α (F-3nα), triploid females β (F-3nβ), triploid males α (M-3nα), triploid hermaphrodite predominantly males (HPM-3n), diploid females (F-2n), and diploid males (M-2n) were generated by using bisulfite-sequencing. The overall DNA methylation profiles in gene regions and transposable regions of fertile and infertile triploid oysters were consistent with those of diploid oysters. The DNA methylation level of CG context decreased in infertile triploid oysters, with more hypomethylated than hypermethylated regions, and the opposite is true in fertile triploid oysters. Genes harbored with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in infertile triploids were mainly related to the metabolism pathways and the signal pathways. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression of gene transcriptions was generally positively associated with DNA methylation in gene body regions, and DMRs in infertile triploid oysters played significant roles in gonadal development as a possible critical epigenetic regulator of gonadal development gene transcriptional activity. These findings indicate a potential relationship between DNA methylation variability and gene expression plasticity in newly formed polyploidy. As far as we know, this is the first study revealing the epigenetic regulation of gonadal development in invertebrates based on fertile and infertile models, meanwhile providing a new mentality to explore the regulatory mechanisms of infertility in triploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China), Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China), Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China), Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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OUP accepted manuscript. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Stöck M, Dedukh D, Reifová R, Lamatsch DK, Starostová Z, Janko K. Sex chromosomes in meiotic, hemiclonal, clonal and polyploid hybrid vertebrates: along the 'extended speciation continuum'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200103. [PMID: 34304588 PMCID: PMC8310718 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We review knowledge about the roles of sex chromosomes in vertebrate hybridization and speciation, exploring a gradient of divergences with increasing reproductive isolation (speciation continuum). Under early divergence, well-differentiated sex chromosomes in meiotic hybrids may cause Haldane-effects and introgress less easily than autosomes. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes are more susceptible to introgression and form multiple (or new) sex chromosome systems with hardly predictable dominance hierarchies. Under increased divergence, most vertebrates reach complete intrinsic reproductive isolation. Slightly earlier, some hybrids (linked in 'the extended speciation continuum') exhibit aberrant gametogenesis, leading towards female clonality. This facilitates the evolution of various allodiploid and allopolyploid clonal ('asexual') hybrid vertebrates, where 'asexuality' might be a form of intrinsic reproductive isolation. A comprehensive list of 'asexual' hybrid vertebrates shows that they all evolved from parents with divergences that were greater than at the intraspecific level (K2P-distances of greater than 5-22% based on mtDNA). These 'asexual' taxa inherited genetic sex determination by mostly undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Among the few known sex-determining systems in hybrid 'asexuals', female heterogamety (ZW) occurred about twice as often as male heterogamety (XY). We hypothesize that pre-/meiotic aberrations in all-female ZW-hybrids present Haldane-effects promoting their evolution. Understanding the preconditions to produce various clonal or meiotic allopolyploids appears crucial for insights into the evolution of sex, 'asexuality' and polyploidy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Reifová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dunja K. Lamatsch
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Yun SW, Kim HT, Park JY. Sperm motility analysis of Cobitis hankugensis, Iksookimia longicorpa (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Cobitidae) and their unisexual natural hybrids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:587-594. [PMID: 34224637 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid sterility is an inevitable phenomenon in the speciation process to avoid indiscriminate increases in species, but it is not always unconditional. We used computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) to analyze sperm motility of Cobitis hankugensis, Iksookimia longicorpa, and their unisexual natural hybrids. In parental species, the sperm concentrations of C. hankugensis and I. longicorpa were 11.6 ± 4.8 × 109 and 16.5 ± 6.8 × 109 , respectively. For sperm motility, the total motility was higher in the parental species (C. hankugensis, 91.3%; I. longicorpa, 87.5%) than other hybrids. After 1 min, the motility duration was reduced to 14% in C. hankugensis and 3.3% in I. longicorpa. This result could indicate that the duration of sperm motility of C. hankugensis is longer than that of I. longicorpa up to 1 min after spermatozoa activation. All of the hybrids had a low concentration and it was distinct from their parent species. Total motility and other velocity parameters also showed significantly lower values except for the HHL (one from the C. hankugensis genome with two from the I. longicorpa genome) type motility measurement (13.6%). These results suggest that the hybrids derived from C. hankugensis and I. longicorpa, are not completely infertile, contrary to histological observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woon Yun
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Institute for Biodiversity, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Institute for Biodiversity, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong Young Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Institute for Biodiversity, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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10
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Moreira MO, Fonseca C, Rojas D. Parthenogenesis is self-destructive for scaled reptiles. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210006. [PMID: 33975486 PMCID: PMC8113917 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis is rare in nature. With 39 described true parthenogens, scaled reptiles (Squamata) are the only vertebrates that evolved this reproductive strategy. Parthenogenesis is ecologically advantageous in the short term, but the young age and rarity of parthenogenetic species indicate it is less advantageous in the long term. This suggests parthenogenesis is self-destructive: it arises often but is lost due to increased extinction rates, high rates of reversal or both. However, this role of parthenogenesis as a self-destructive trait remains unknown. We used a phylogeny of Squamata (5388 species), tree metrics, null simulations and macroevolutionary scenarios of trait diversification to address the factors that best explain the rarity of parthenogenetic species. We show that parthenogenesis can be considered as self-destructive, with high extinction rates mainly responsible for its rarity in nature. Since these parthenogenetic species occur, this trait should be ecologically relevant in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Owen Moreira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- ForestWISE - Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest and Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Danny Rojas
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
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11
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Barateli N, Tarkhnishvili D, Iankoshvili G, Kokiashvili L, Dvali N, Janiashvili Z. Fine-scale analysis of habitat occupancy by Kura lizard (Darevskia portschinskii) and its daughter parthenogenetic form (Darevskia dahli). HERPETOZOA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e63072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two species of rock lizards, the parthenogenetic D. dahli and the sexually reproducing D. portschinskii, coexist in a rocky outcrop in an area of ca. 1 ha, in the vicinity of Tbilisi, Georgia; the location has been well-known since the middle 1960s. The population density of the parthenogenetic lizard is five times higher than that of the sexual breeder. We studied the distribution of active lizards in space and time over three consecutive years, during the spring and autumn activity periods, to explore spatial and temporal differences between the species on a fine spatial scale. We studied the influence of temperature, humidity, and quantitative characteristics of the surface and the distance from permanent water source on the spatial distribution of D. dahli and D. portschinskii. Darevskia portschinskii was less dependent on the distance from the water source and more evenly distributed in space and time than D. dahli. Despite potential competitive interactions, the species did not avoid each other on the microhabitat scale, suggesting that the observed ecological differences are not caused by a niche shift. More individuals of the sexual breeder than individuals of the parthenogen were found in suboptimal habitats. This feature may increase the evolutionary success of D. portschinskii in a long-term perspective.
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12
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Majtánová Z, Dedukh D, Choleva L, Adams M, Ráb P, Unmack PJ, Ezaz T. Uniparental Genome Elimination in Australian Carp Gudgeons. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6137838. [PMID: 33591327 PMCID: PMC8245195 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoans usually reproduce sexually, blending the unique identity of parental genomes for the next generation through functional crossing-over and recombination in meiosis. However, some metazoan lineages have evolved reproductive systems where offspring are either full (clonal) or partial (hemiclonal) genetic replicas. In the latter group, the process of uniparental genome elimination selectively eliminates either the maternal or paternal genome from germ cells, and only one parental genome is selected for transmission. Although fairly common in plants, hybridogenesis (i.e., clonal haploidization via chromosome elimination) remains a poorly understood process in animals. Here, we explore the proximal cytogenomic mechanisms of somatic and germ cell chromosomes in sexual and hybrid genotypes of Australian carp gudgeons (Hypseleotris) by tracing the fate of each set during mitosis (in somatic tissues) and meiosis (in gonads). Our comparative study of diploid hybrid and sexual individuals revealed visually functional gonads in male and female hybrid genotypes and generally high karyotype variability, although the number of chromosome arms remains constant. Our results delivered direct evidence for classic hybridogenesis as a reproductive mode in carp gudgeons. Two parental sets with integral structure in the hybrid soma (the F1 constitution) contrasted with uniparental chromosomal inheritance detected in gonads. The inheritance mode happens through premeiotic genome duplication of the parental genome to be transmitted, whereas the second parental genome is likely gradually eliminated already in juvenile individuals. The role of metacentric chromosomes in hybrid evolution is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Majtánová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Choleva
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Adams
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Peter J Unmack
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genetics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Spangenberg V, Arakelyan M, Galoyan E, Martirosyan I, Bogomazova A, Martynova E, de Bello Cioffi M, Liehr T, Al-Rikabi A, Osipov F, Petrosyan V, Kolomiets O. Meiotic synapsis of homeologous chromosomes and mismatch repair protein detection in the parthenogenetic rock lizard Darevskia unisexualis. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:119-127. [PMID: 33438277 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Parthenogenetic species of Caucasian rock lizards of the genus Darevksia are important evidence for reticulate evolution and speciation by hybridization in vertebrates. Female-only lineages formed through interspecific hybridization have been discovered in many groups. Nevertheless, critical mechanisms of oogenesis and specifics of meiosis that provide long-term stability of parthenogenetic species are still unknown. Here we report cytogenetic characteristics of somatic karyotypes and meiotic prophase I nuclei in the diploid parthenogenetic species Darevskia unisexualis from the new population "Keti" in Armenia which contains an odd number of chromosomes 2n = 37, instead of the usual 2n = 38. We revealed 36 acrocentric chromosomes and a single metacentric autosomal chromosome, resulting from Robertsonian translocation. Comparative genomic hybridization revealed that chromosome fusion occurred between two chromosomes inherited from the maternal species, similar to another parthenogenetic species D. rostombekowi. To trace the chromosome behaviour in meiosis, we performed an immunocytochemical study of primary oocytes' spread nuclei and studied chromosome synapsis during meiotic prophase I in D. unisexualis based on analysis of synaptonemal complexes (SCs). We found meiotic SC-trivalent composed of one metacentric and two acrocentric chromosomes. We confirmed that the SC was assembled between homeologous chromosomes inherited from two parental species. Immunostaining of the pachytene and diplotene nuclei revealed a mismatch repair protein MLH1 loaded to all autosomal SC bivalents. Possible mechanisms of meiotic recombination between homeologous chromosomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marine Arakelyan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Eduard Galoyan
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexandra Bogomazova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Martynova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, UniversidadeFederal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Rikabi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Fedor Osipov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Varos Petrosyan
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Alam SMI, Sarre SD, Georges A, Ezaz T. Karyotype Characterisation of Two Australian Dragon Lizards (Squamata: Agamidae: Amphibolurinae) Reveals Subtle Chromosomal Rearrangements Between Related Species with Similar Karyotypes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2020; 160:610-624. [PMID: 33207346 DOI: 10.1159/000511344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae) are karyotypically heterogeneous. Among the 101 species currently described from Australia, all are from the subfamily Amphibolurinae. This group is, with some exceptions, karyotypically conserved, and all species involving heterogametic sex show female heterogamety. Here, we describe the chromosomes of 2 additional Australian agamid lizards, Tympanocryptis lineata and Rankinia diemensis. These species are phylogenetically and cytogenetically sisters to the well-characterised Pogona vitticeps, but their sex chromosomes and other chromosomal characteristics are unknown. In this study, we applied advanced molecular cytogenetic techniques, such as fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and cross-species gene mapping, to characterise chromosomes and to identify sex chromosomes in these species. Our data suggest that both species have a conserved karyotype with P. vitticeps but with subtle rearrangements in the chromosomal landscapes. We could identify that T. lineata possesses a female heterogametic system (ZZ/ZW) with a pair of sex microchromosomes, while R. diemensis may have heterogametic sex chromosomes, but this requires further investigations. Our study shows the pattern of chromosomal rearrangements between closely related species, explaining the speciation within Australian agamid lizards of similar karyotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayer M I Alam
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genetics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Stephen D Sarre
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genetics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genetics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genetics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Fujita MK, Singhal S, Brunes TO, Maldonado JA. Evolutionary Dynamics and Consequences of Parthenogenesis in Vertebrates. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-114900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parthenogenesis is asexual reproduction without any required participation from males and, as such, is a null model for sexual reproduction. In a comparative context, we can expand our understanding of the evolution and ecology of sex by investigating the consequences of parthenogenesis. In this review, we examine the theoretical predictions of and empirical results on the evolution of asexual reproduction in vertebrates, focusing on recent studies addressing the origins and geographic spread of parthenogenetic lineages and the genomic consequences of an asexual life history. With advances in computational methods and genome technologies, researchers are poised to make rapid and significant progress in studying the origin and evolution of parthenogenesis in vertebrates, thus providing an important perspective on understanding biodiversity patterns of both asexual and sexual populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Fujita
- Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center and Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747, USA
| | - Tuliana O. Brunes
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Jose A. Maldonado
- Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center and Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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16
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Evolution of the parthenogenetic rock lizard hybrid karyotype: Robertsonian translocation between two maternal chromosomes in Darevskia rostombekowi. Chromosoma 2020; 129:275-283. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-020-00744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Tarkhnishvili D, Yanchukov A, Şahin MK, Gabelaia M, Murtskhvaladze M, Candan K, Galoyan E, Arakelyan M, Iankoshvili G, Kumlutaş Y, Ilgaz Ç, Matur F, Çolak F, Erdolu M, Kurdadze S, Barateli N, Anderson CL. Genotypic similarities among the parthenogenetic Darevskia rock lizards with different hybrid origins. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:122. [PMID: 32938384 PMCID: PMC7493426 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of parthenogenetic vertebrates derive from hybridization between sexually reproducing species, but the exact number of hybridization events ancestral to currently extant clonal lineages is difficult to determine. Usually, we do not know whether the parental species are able to contribute their genes to the parthenogenetic vertebrate lineages after the initial hybridization. In this paper, we address the hypothesis, whether some genotypes of seven phenotypically distinct parthenogenetic rock lizards (genus Darevskia) could have resulted from back-crosses of parthenogens with their presumed parental species. We also tried to identify, as precise as possible, the ancestral populations of all seven parthenogens. RESULTS We analysed partial mtDNA sequences and microsatellite genotypes of all seven parthenogens and their presumed ansectral species, sampled across the entire geographic range of parthenogenesis in this group. Our results confirm the previous designation of the parental species, but further specify the maternal populations that are likely ancestral to different parthenogenetic lineages. Contrary to the expectation of independent hybrid origins of the unisexual taxa, we found that genotypes at multiple loci were shared frequently between different parthenogenetic species. The highest proportions of shared genotypes were detected between (i) D. sapphirina and D. bendimahiensis and (ii) D. dahli and D. armeniaca, and less often between other parthenogens. In case (ii), genotypes at the remaining loci were notably distinct. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that both observations (i-ii) can be explained by two parthenogenetic forms tracing their origin to a single initial hybridization event. In case (ii), however, occasional gene exchange between the unisexual and the parental bisexual species could have taken place after the onset of parthenogenetic reproduction. Indeed, backcrossed polyploid hybrids are relatively frequent in Darevskia, although no direct evidence of recent gene flow has been previously documented. Our results further suggest that parthenogens are losing heterozygosity as a result of allelic conversion, hence their fitness is expected to decline over time as genetic diversity declines. Backcrosses with the parental species could be a rescue mechanism which might prevent this decline, and therefore increase the persistance of unisexual forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehmet Kürşat Şahin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mariam Gabelaia
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Kamil Candan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Yusuf Kumlutaş
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Çetin Ilgaz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Matur
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Faruk Çolak
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Meriç Erdolu
- Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sofiko Kurdadze
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Natia Barateli
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Cort L Anderson
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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18
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Petrosyan VG, Osipov FA, Bobrov VV, Dergunova NN, Kropachev II, Danielyan FD, Arakelyan MS. New records and geographic distribution of the sympatric zones of unisexual and bisexual rock lizards of the genus Darevskia in Armenia and adjacent territories. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e56030. [PMID: 33013173 PMCID: PMC7511460 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e56030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caucasian rock lizards of the genus Darevskia are unique taxa, including both bisexual and parthenogenetic species. The parthenogenetic species have originated as a result of natural hybridisation between females and males of different bisexual species. The species involved in interspecific hybridisation are called parental. However, sympatric zones (SZ) of unisexual and bisexual rock lizards of the Caucasus are still poorly studied, although they are very important for understanding the role of hybrid individuals of different origin in reticulate evolution. This paper presents the location of the SZs of parthenogenetic and their parental bisexual rock lizards of the genus Darevskia in Armenia and adjacent territories of Georgia and Nagorno-Karabakh. We summarised the locations of the SZs identified from 1957 to the present, based on our field survey data gathered in 2018-2019 and records from publications and museum collections. This dataset includes 39 SZs of three types: SZ of parental bisexual species, SZ of parental species with unisexual species and SZ of the parthenogenetic species. For each zone, species composition, geographical and altitudinal distribution are presented. New records expand our knowledge of the geographical and altitudinal distribution of SZs in these species and provide additional data for understanding the mechanisms of reticulate evolution and hybridogeneous speciation in the past, present and future. New information The new records, including geographical and altitudinal distributions of three types of SZs, are presented, which expand the previously-known list to 39 locations of contact zones for parthenogenetic and its bisexual parental species of rock lizards of the genus Darevskia in Armenia and the adjacent territories of Georgia and Nagorno-Karabakh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varos G Petrosyan
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Fedor A Osipov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Vladimir V Bobrov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Natalia N Dergunova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | | | - Felix D Danielyan
- Department of Biology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia Department of Biology, Yerevan State University Yerevan Armenia
| | - Marine S Arakelyan
- Department of Biology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia Department of Biology, Yerevan State University Yerevan Armenia
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19
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Abramjan A, Arakelyan M, Frynta D. Does reproductive mode affect sexually-selected coloration? Evaluating UV-blue spots in parthenogenetic and bisexual lizards of the genus Darevskia. Curr Zool 2020; 67:201-213. [PMID: 33854538 PMCID: PMC8026159 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection often leads to evolution of conspicuous signals, raising the chances of attracting not only potential mates, but also predators. In lacertid lizards, ultraviolet (UV)–blue spots on flanks and shoulders represent such a trait. Some level of correlation between male and female ornamentation is also known to exist. Therefore, the phenotype of females may change in the absence of sexual selection. We tested this hypothesis on a complex of parthenogenetic and bisexual lizards of the genus Darevskia. We evaluated area, counts, and chromatic properties (UV opponency, saturation) of UV–blue spots and compared the values between the clones and their bisexual progenitor species. We found a fair heterogeneity between the parthenogenetic species, but no general tendency toward higher crypsis or conspicuousness. Values of the parthenogens were not significantly different from the values of sexual females. A possible explanation is that the changes in selective forces associated with parthenogenetic reproduction are too small to affect the resulting pattern of selective pressures on the studied traits, or that the phenotypes of the parthenogens result from the unique combination of parental genomes and are conserved by clonal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andran Abramjan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Marine Arakelyan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | - Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
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20
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Parthenogenesis as a Solution to Hybrid Sterility: The Mechanistic Basis of Meiotic Distortions in Clonal and Sterile Hybrids. Genetics 2020; 215:975-987. [PMID: 32518062 PMCID: PMC7404241 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid sterility is a hallmark of speciation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report that speciation may regularly proceed through a stage at which gene flow is completely interrupted, but hybrid sterility occurs only in male hybrids whereas female hybrids reproduce asexually. We analyzed gametogenic pathways in hybrids between the fish species Cobitis elongatoides and C. taenia, and revealed that male hybrids were sterile owing to extensive asynapsis and crossover reduction among heterospecific chromosomal pairs in their gametes, which was subsequently followed by apoptosis. We found that polyploidization allowed pairing between homologous chromosomes and therefore partially rescued the bivalent formation and crossover rates in triploid hybrid males. However, it was not sufficient to overcome sterility. In contrast, both diploid and triploid hybrid females exhibited premeiotic genome endoreplication, thereby ensuring proper bivalent formation between identical chromosomal copies. This endoreplication ultimately restored female fertility but it simultaneously resulted in the obligate production of clonal gametes, preventing any interspecific gene flow. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the emergence of asexuality can remedy hybrid sterility in a sex-specific manner and contributes to the speciation process.
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21
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Abstract
Darevskia rock lizards is a unique complex taxa, including more than thirty species, seven of which are parthenogenetic. In mixed populations of Darevskia lizards, tri- and tetraploid forms can be found. The most important issues in the theory of reticulate evolution of Darevskia lizards are the origin of parthenogenetic species and their taxonomic position. However, there is little data on how meiosis proceeds in these species. The present work reports the complex results of cytogenetics in a diploid parthenogenetic species – D. unisexualis. Here we detail the meiotic prophase I progression and the specific features оf mitotic chromosomes organization. The stages of meiosis prophase I were investigated by immunocytochemical analysis of preparations obtained from isolated primary oocytes of D. unisexualis in comparison with maternal species D. raddei nairensis. It has been shown that in D. unisexualis at the leptotene-zygotene stages the axial elements and the synaptonemal complex (SC) form typical “bouquets”. At the pachytene-diplotene stage, 18 autosomal SC-bivalents and thickened asynapted sex Z and w univalents were observed. The presence of SYCP1 protein between the lateral elements of autosomal chromosomes proved the formation of assembled SCs. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on the mitotic metaphase chromosomes of D. unisexualis was carried out using the genomic DNA isolated from the parental species D. raddei nairensis and D. valentini. In the pericentromeric regions of half of the mitotic chromosomes of D. unisexualis, specific regions inherited from maternal species have been found. Following our results, we suggest a model for diploid germ cells formation from diploid oocytes without premeiotic duplication of chromosomes in the oogenesis of diploid parthenogenetic lizards D. unisexualis. Taken as a whole, our findings confirm the hybrid nature of D. unisexualis and shed light on heterozygosity and automixis in diploid parthenogenetic forms.
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22
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Bogdanov YF, Grishaeva TM. Meiotic Recombination. The Metabolic Pathways from DNA Double-Strand Breaks to Crossing Over and Chiasmata. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Arakelyan M, Harutyunyan T, Aghayan SA, Carretero MA. Infection of parthenogenetic lizards by blood parasites does not support the "Red Queen hypothesis" but reveals the costs of sex. ZOOLOGY 2019; 136:125709. [PMID: 31539860 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sexual organisms should be better suited than asexual ones in a context of continuous evolution in response to opposite organisms in changing environments ("Red Queen" hypothesis of sex). However, sex also carries costs associated with the maintenance of males and mating (sex cost hypothesis). Here, both non-mutually excluding hypotheses are tested by analysing the infestation by haemogregarines of mixed communities of Darevskia rock lizards composed of parthenogens generated by hybridisation and their bisexual relatives. Prevalence and intensity were recorded from 339 adult lizards belonging to six species from five syntopic localities and analysed using Generalized Mixed-Models (GLMM). Both infestation parameters depended on host-size (like due to longer exposure with age), sex and, for intensity, species. Once accounting for locality and species, males were more parasitized than conspecific females with bisexual species, but no signal of reproductive mode itself on parasitization was recovered. Essentially, male-male interactions increased haemogregarine intensity while females either sexual or asexual had similar reproductive costs when in the same conditions. These findings deviate from the predictions from "Red Queen" dynamics while asymmetric gender costs are here confirmed. Thus, increased parasitization pressure on males adds to other costs, such as higher social interactions and lower fecundity, to explain why parthenogenetic lizards apparently prevail in the short-term evolutionary scale. How this is translated in the long-term requires further phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Arakelyan
- Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Tehmine Harutyunyan
- Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sargis A Aghayan
- Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia; Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Sevak str 7, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Miguel A Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Nº7, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
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Galoyan E, Bolshakova A, Abrahamyan M, Petrosyan R, Komarova V. Natural history of Valentin's rock lizard (Darevskia valentini) in Armenia. Zool Res 2019; 40:277-292. [PMID: 31310063 PMCID: PMC6680121 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Valentin’s rock lizard (Darevskia valentini) is suggested to be the parent for several parthenogenetic species (e.g., D. armeniaca, D. bendimahiensis, D. sapphirina, and D. unisexualis) that evolved through hybridization. Complex evolutionary processes (including reticulate evolution) are occurring within the areas where Valentin’s rock lizard coexists with these and other rock lizards. Hence, a detailed biological specification of this species is important for understanding how vertebrates evolve. Valentin’s rock lizard is a long-lived (up to 9 years), small diurnal lizard with larger females than males, which is unlike other species of the genus. Their relatively large eggs and early reproduction period, which occurs just after emergence from winter shelters, are adaptations for living in a high elevation climate (higher than 2 000 m a.s.l.). Their body temperatures (31–32 °С) are comparable to body temperatures of rock lizards living in milder climates, though female body temperature is more dependent on substrate temperature and basking due to their lower activity than that found in males. Population density fluctuates from several individuals to several hundred per hectare and is not affected by parthenogen coexistence, although hybrids do occur in sexually biased populations where males are more common than females. The male home range is larger than that of females, though these home ranges broadly overlap. Prey is not limited in the mountain meadows and Valentin’s rock lizards feed on a great variety of arthropods. Infanticide occurs in high-density populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Galoyan
- Viсtor Spangenberg5, Marine Arakelyan3.,Department of Zoology, Biological Faculty of Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Alisa Bolshakova
- Zoological Museum of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 125009, Russia
| | - Manush Abrahamyan
- Department of Zoology, Biological Faculty of Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ruzanna Petrosyan
- Department of Zoology, Biological Faculty of Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Valeria Komarova
- Department of Zoology, Biological Faculty of Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
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25
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Sargsyan A, Simonyan A, Hovhannisyan G, Arakelyan M, Aroutiounian R. Application of the comet assay, micronucleus test and global DNA methylation analysis in Darevskia lizards as a sentinel organism for genotoxic monitoring of soil pollution. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 842:117-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Friend-or-foe? Behavioural evidence suggests interspecific discrimination leading to low probability of hybridization in two coexisting rock lizard species (Lacertidae, Darevskia). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Abramjan A, Frýdlová P, Jančúchová-Lásková J, Suchomelová P, Landová E, Yavruyan E, Frynta D. Comparing developmental stability in unisexual and bisexual rock lizards of the genus Darevskia. Evol Dev 2019; 21:175-187. [PMID: 30887666 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parthenogenetic species are usually considered to be short-lived due to the accumulation of adverse mutations, lack of genetic variability, and inability to adapt to changing environment. If so, one may expect that the phenotype of clonal organisms may reflect such genetic and/or environmental stress. To test this hypothesis, we compared the developmental stability of bisexual and parthenogenetic lizards of the genus Darevskia. We assessed asymmetries in three meristic traits: ventral, preanal, and supratemporal scales. Our results suggest that the amount of ventral and preanal asymmetries is significantly higher in clones compared with their maternal, but not paternal, progenitor species. However, it is questionable, whether this is a consequence of clonality, as it may be considered a mild form of outbreeding depression as well. Moreover, most ventral asymmetries were found in the bisexual species Darevskia valentini. We suggest that greater differences in asymmetry levels among bisexuals may be, for instance, a consequence of the population size: the smaller the population, the higher the inbreeding and the developmental instability. On the basis of the traits examined in this study, the parthenogens do not seem to be of significantly poorer quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andran Abramjan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Frýdlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petra Suchomelová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Landová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Yavruyan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biology, Zoology, and Ecology, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Spangenberg V, Arakelyan M, Galoyan E, Pankin M, Petrosyan R, Stepanyan I, Grishaeva T, Danielyan F, Kolomiets O. Extraordinary centromeres: differences in the meiotic chromosomes of two rock lizards species Darevskia portschinskii and Darevskia raddei. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6360. [PMID: 30723630 PMCID: PMC6359900 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the synthesis of 30 years of multidisciplinary studies, parthenogenetic species of rock lizards of genus Darevskia were formed as a result of different combination patterns of interspecific hybridization of the four bisexual parental species: Darevskia raddei, D. mixta, D. valentini, and D. portschinskii. In particular, D. portschinskii and D. raddei are considered as the parental species for the parthenogenetic species D. rostombekowi. Here for the first time, we present the result of comparative immunocytochemical study of primary spermatocyte nuclei spreads from the leptotene to diplotene stages of meiotic prophase I in two species: D. portschinskii and D. raddei. We observed similar chromosome lengths for both synaptonemal complex (SC) karyotypes as well as a similar number of crossing over sites. However, unexpected differences in the number and distribution of anti-centromere antibody (ACA) foci were detected in the SC structure of bivalents of the two species. In all examined D. portschinskii spermatocyte nuclei, one immunostained centromere focus was detected per SC bivalent. In contrast, in almost every studied D. raddei nuclei we identified three to nine SCs with additional immunostained ACA foci per SC bivalent. Thus, the obtained results allow us to identify species-specific karyotype features, previously not been detected using conventional mitotic chromosome analysis. Presumably the additional centromere foci are result of epigenetic chromatin modifications. We assume that this characteristic of the D. raddei karyotype could represent useful marker for the future studies of parthenogenetic species hybrid karyotypes related to D. raddei.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marine Arakelyan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Eduard Galoyan
- Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark Pankin
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Ilona Stepanyan
- Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Felix Danielyan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Oxana Kolomiets
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation
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29
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Alam SMI, Sarre SD, Gleeson D, Georges A, Ezaz T. Did Lizards Follow Unique Pathways in Sex Chromosome Evolution? Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E239. [PMID: 29751579 PMCID: PMC5977179 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptiles show remarkable diversity in modes of reproduction and sex determination, including high variation in the morphology of sex chromosomes, ranging from homomorphic to highly heteromorphic. Additionally, the co-existence of genotypic sex determination (GSD) and temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) within and among sister clades makes this group an attractive model to study and understand the evolution of sex chromosomes. This is particularly so with Lizards (Order Squamata) which, among reptiles, show extraordinary morphological diversity. They also show no particular pattern of sex chromosome degeneration of the kind observed in mammals, birds and or even in snakes. We therefore speculate that sex determination sensu sex chromosome evolution is labile and rapid and largely follows independent trajectories within lizards. Here, we review the current knowledge on the evolution of sex chromosomes in lizards and discuss how sex chromosome evolution within that group differs from other amniote taxa, facilitating unique evolutionary pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen D Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2616, Australia.
| | - Dianne Gleeson
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2616, Australia.
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2616, Australia.
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2616, Australia.
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Matveevsky S, Kolomiets O, Bogdanov A, Hakhverdyan M, Bakloushinskaya I. Chromosomal Evolution in Mole Voles Ellobius (Cricetidae, Rodentia): Bizarre Sex Chromosomes, Variable Autosomes and Meiosis. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E306. [PMID: 29099806 PMCID: PMC5704219 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports on extensive experimental material covering more than 30 years of studying the genetics of mole voles. Sex chromosomes of Ellobius demonstrate an extraordinary case of mammalian sex chromosomes evolution. Five species of mole voles own three types of sex chromosomes; typical for placentals: XY♂/XX♀; and atypical X0♂/X0♀; or XX♂/XX♀. Mechanisms of sex determination in all Ellobius species remain enigmatic. It was supposed that the Y chromosome was lost twice and independently in subgenera Bramus and Ellobius. Previous to the Y being lost, the X chromosome in distinct species obtained some parts of the Y chromosome, with or without Sry, and accumulated one or several copies of the Eif2s3y gene. Along with enormous variations of sex chromosomes, genes of sex determination pathway and autosomes, and five mole vole species demonstrate ability to establish different meiotic mechanisms, which stabilize their genetic systems and make it possible to overcome the evolutionary deadlocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Matveevsky
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Oxana Kolomiets
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexey Bogdanov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | | | - Irina Bakloushinskaya
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
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