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Chang WY, Wu KC, Yang AL, Chen YL. Simulated Altitude Training and Sport Performance: Protocols and Physiological Effects. APPLIED SCIENCES 2023; 13:11381. [DOI: 10.3390/app132011381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
This article explores the physiological mechanisms and effects of simulated hypoxia environment training on sports performance. Different training protocols, including hypoxia high-intensity interval training (HHIIT), incremental hypoxia training, hypoxia submaximal exercise training and combined training, and hypoxia training in the recovery and sleep states, are discussed. HHIIT combines intermittent hypoxia exposure with high-intensity interval training, and has been shown to increase the maximum oxygen intake compare to the state of normoxia, improving cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal muscle oxygen utilization, power performance, hematological adaptations, and sports performance. Incremental hypoxia training involves the gradual decrease in oxygen concentration while maintaining exercise intensity. It has been found to improve aerobic capacity; however, fewer effects were observed in hematological variables. Hypoxia submaximal exercise training and combined training in a hypoxia environment has shown to increase VO2 and VE, and only improve hemodynamic function in combined training with hypoxia. Hypoxia during the recovery state has been associated with improvements in maximum oxygen uptake, also providing benefits to sports performance. Overall, exposure to a hypoxia environment has been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory endurance, power performance, and specific physiological adaptations in training and resting states. However, the optimal training protocols and their effects on different sports and athlete proficiency require further research to optimize training and enhance athletic performance in hypoxia environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Yeh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Lun Yang
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
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Aidar FJ. Sports and Special Populations: Training Physiology in Health and Sports Performance. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2198. [PMID: 37570438 PMCID: PMC10419208 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11152198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Health is increasingly being studied, notably concerning preventive measures for health issues [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J. Aidar
- Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil;
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
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