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Szymula A, Samayoa-Reyes G, Ogolla S, Liu B, Li S, George A, Van Sciver N, Rochford R, Simas JP, Kaye KM. Macrophages drive KSHV B cell latency. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112767. [PMID: 37440412 PMCID: PMC10528218 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes lifelong infection and persists in latently infected B cells. Paradoxically, in vitro B cell infection is inefficient, and cells rapidly die, suggesting the absence of necessary factor(s). KSHV epidemiology unexpectedly mirrors that of malaria and certain helminthic infections, while other herpesviruses are ubiquitous. Elevated circulating monocytes are common in these parasitic infections. Here, we show that KSHV infection of monocytes or M-CSF-differentiated (M2) macrophages is highly efficient. Proteomic analyses demonstrate that infection induces macrophage production of B cell chemoattractants and activating factor. We find that KSHV acts with monocytes or M2 macrophages to stimulate B cell survival, proliferation, and plasmablast differentiation. Further, macrophages drive infected plasma cell differentiation and long-term viral latency. In Kenya, where KSHV is endemic, we find elevated monocyte levels in children with malaria. These findings demonstrate a role for mononuclear phagocytes in KSHV B cell latency and suggest that mononuclear phagocyte abundance may underlie KSHV's geographic disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szymula
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriela Samayoa-Reyes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sidney Ogolla
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
| | - Bing Liu
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shijun Li
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Athira George
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Van Sciver
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
| | - J Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Católica Biomedical Research, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Kenneth M Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Classification of B-Cell Lymphomas and Immunodeficiency-Related Lymphoproliferations: What’s New? HEMATO 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/hemato4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
New insights from genomic studies have had an impact on the definition and the diagnosis of several lymphoid tumors including follicular B-cell lymphomas, aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and lymphoproliferations associated with acquired and posttransplant immunodeficiencies. Follicular lymphoma (FL) includes tumors whose behavior varies widely from indolent/early lesions to aggressive/transformed lymphomas. Although some large B-cell lymphomas can be subclassified as specific entities, the majority lack the characteristics necessary for subclassification and, thus, are termed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, NOS. There have been, however, some changes in the classification of specific subtypes of large B-cell lymphoma as well as the addition of new entities, a few of which are highlighted in this article. The immunodeficiency-related lymphoproliferative disorders are currently divided into four major categories based on the clinical setting in which they arose: primary immune deficiency, post-transplant, HIV infection, and iatrogenic immunosuppression. In the two upcoming classifications systems for hematolymphoid neoplasms, International Consensus Classification (ICC) and WHO-HAEM-5, there is a divergence in the approach to categorize these lesions. Furthermore, whereas the WHO-HAEM-5 confirms the ability to classify a spectrum of EBV+ lesions as EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, the ICC has separated out lesions that are composed of a heterogenous cellular infiltrate into a new separate category, “EBV-positive polymorphic B cell lymphoproliferative disorder, NOS”. Both WHO-HAEM-5 and ICC recognize a number of KSHV/HHV8-associated lymphoid lesions and acknowledge that there is significant overlap among the different lesions. In the future, translation of these innovations in general practice requires further validation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent evidence on the pathology, current standard of care and recent advances in the treatment of HIV-related lymphomas. RECENT FINDINGS Lymphomas remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV, even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, treatment outcomes for these malignancies have improved in recent decades, due to full-dose chemotherapy, effective cART and supportive care. Recent advances include the identification of novel driving signaling pathways as promising molecular targets to improve lymphoma outcomes. SUMMARY Patients with HIV-related lymphomas who receive effective cART should be treated like the general population.
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