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Zhou M, Kourtiche D, Claudel J, Deschamps F, Magne I, Roth P, Schmitt P, Nadi M. Interference voltage measurement and analysis of cardiac implants exposed to electric fields at extremely low frequency. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:045060. [PMID: 38861945 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad567e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Objective.The possibility of interference by electromagnetic fields in the workplaces with cardiac implants is a concern for both individuals and employers. This article presents an analysis of the interference to which cardiac implants are subjected under high-intensity electric field at the power frequency.Approach.Evaluations of interference were conducted by studying the induced voltages at the device input in the real case study and the substitute study, and establishing an association between them with the equivalence factorF. A funnel-shaped phantom, designed forin vitrotesting and representing the electrical characteristics of the locations where cardiac implants are installed, was used in the substitute study. A measuring system was implemented to measure the induced voltage at the device input under high intensity electric fields.Main results.The induced voltages obtained in the experimental measurements align with the findings of the numerical study in the phantom. By applying the equivalence factors derived between the real case study and the substitute study (2.39 for unipolar sensing; 3.64 for bipolar sensing), the induced voltages on the cardiac implants can be determined for the real case using the substitute experimental set-up.Significance.The interference voltages on the cardiac implants under electric field exposures at low frequency were experimentally measured with detailed description. The findings provide evidence for an analysis method to systematically study the electromagnetic interference on the cardiac implants at low frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Zhou
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Djilali Kourtiche
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Julien Claudel
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Francois Deschamps
- RTE, Direction Développement Ingénierie, Département Concertation et Environnement, Place du Dôme 92073 Paris La Défense Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Magne
- EDF , Service des Etudes Médicales, Immeuble Smartside, Bâtiment Bréchet, 4ème étage, zone 4-680 4 rue Floréal, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Patrice Roth
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Schmitt
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Mustapha Nadi
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
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Miziev S, Pawlak WA, Howard N. Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1320441. [PMID: 38292898 PMCID: PMC10825050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
As neural implant technologies advance rapidly, a nuanced understanding of their powering mechanisms becomes indispensable, especially given the long-term biocompatibility risks like oxidative stress and inflammation, which can be aggravated by recurrent surgeries, including battery replacements. This review delves into a comprehensive analysis, starting with biocompatibility considerations for both energy storage units and transfer methods. The review focuses on four main mechanisms for powering neural implants: Electromagnetic, Acoustic, Optical, and Direct Connection to the Body. Among these, Electromagnetic Methods include techniques such as Near-Field Communication (RF). Acoustic methods using high-frequency ultrasound offer advantages in power transmission efficiency and multi-node interrogation capabilities. Optical methods, although still in early development, show promising energy transmission efficiencies using Near-Infrared (NIR) light while avoiding electromagnetic interference. Direct connections, while efficient, pose substantial safety risks, including infection and micromotion disturbances within neural tissue. The review employs key metrics such as specific absorption rate (SAR) and energy transfer efficiency for a nuanced evaluation of these methods. It also discusses recent innovations like the Sectored-Multi Ring Ultrasonic Transducer (S-MRUT), Stentrode, and Neural Dust. Ultimately, this review aims to help researchers, clinicians, and engineers better understand the challenges of and potentially create new solutions for powering neural implants.
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Nowak B, Przibille O, Napp A. [Electromagnetic interference : Pacemakers, cardiac resynchronization therapy devices, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2022; 33:297-304. [PMID: 35781834 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-022-00875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices (CRT) are exposed to different types of electromagnetic interference (EMI) at home and at work. Due to the constantly increasing role of electrically active appliances in daily use and the introduction of new therapy concepts such as the leadless cardiac pacemaker and the subcutaneous defibrillator, this topic is of great relevance. The further development of the implanted devices and the almost complete use of bipolar leads has reduced the overall risk of EMI. This review article provides information about the current status of possible interference in the private environment and how to avoid it. In addition, information is provided on how to deal with occupational sources of interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nowak
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien, Im Prüfling 23, 60389, Frankfurt a.M., Deutschland.
| | - Oliver Przibille
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien, Im Prüfling 23, 60389, Frankfurt a.M., Deutschland
| | - Andreas Napp
- Medizinische Klinik I, - Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
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Ellis CR, King NE. Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices and Consumer Electronic Devices: The Proof Is in the Front Pocket. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag 2022; 13:5073-5076. [PMID: 35949651 PMCID: PMC9359421 DOI: 10.19102/icrm.2022.130706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Ellis
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Address correspondence to: Christopher R. Ellis, MD, FACC, FHRS, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232-8802, USA.
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Khan SR, Mugisha AJ, Tsiamis A, Mitra S. Commercial Off-the-Shelf Components (COTS) in Realizing Miniature Implantable Wireless Medical Devices: A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103635. [PMID: 35632042 PMCID: PMC9144583 DOI: 10.3390/s22103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been exponential growth in the per capita rate of medical patients around the world, and this is significantly straining the resources of healthcare institutes. Therefore, the reliance on smart commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) implantable wireless medical devices (IWMDs) is increasing among healthcare institutions to provide routine medical services, such as monitoring patients' physiological signals and the remote delivery of therapeutic drugs. These smart COTS IWMDs reduce the necessity of recurring visits of patients to healthcare institutions and also mitigate physical contact, which can minimize the possibility of any potential spread of contagious diseases. Furthermore, the devices provide patients with the benefit of recuperating in familiar surroundings. As such, low-cost, ubiquitous COTS IWMDs have engendered the proliferation of telemedicine in healthcare to provide routine medical services. In this paper, a review work on COTS IWMDs is presented at a macro level to discuss the history of IWMDs, different networked COTS IWMDs, health and safety regulations of COTS IWMDs and the importance of organized procurement. Furthermore, we discuss the basic building blocks of IWMDs and how COTS components can contribute to build these blocks over widely researched custom-built application-specific integrated circuits.
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Censi F, Mattei E, Onder G, Calcagnini G. iPhone 12 MagSafe technology and cardiac implantable devices: assessment of the actual risk. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2022; 45:410-417. [PMID: 35076120 PMCID: PMC9303345 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Pacemaker (PM) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are equipped with a magnetic sensor activated by external application of magnets to easily manage some functions of these devices. If activated inadvertently or outside a controlled environment and without the supervision of clinical personnel, this magnetic mode introduces a potential risk. In reality, the possibility of a static magnetic field affecting a PM or ICD is remote. However, the presence of the magnet in the iPhone 12 made the possibility of inadvertently activating the magnetic switch of PM and ICD less remote. Objective This study investigates the effects of magnetic interference of the iPhone 12 on a large set of cardiac implantable devices representative of the current market and proposes adequate rules of conduct. Methods We investigated the risk of the magnetic interference of the iPhone 12 and its MagSafe accessories on a comprehensive set of PMs and ICDs, including the subcutaneous ICD. For the first time, the magnetic interference phenomena were correlated with the magnetic field levels measured all around iPhone 12. Results We discovered that the magnets inside iPhone 12 trigger the magnetic mode in the 12 tested devices up to a distance of 1 cm. Conclusions Considering the implications related to the activation of the magnetic switch, to date, it is advisable to follow Apple's indications relating to the safety distance of 15 cm, which is widely compatible with the results obtained from this paper and in line with the indications provided by the implantable cardiac device manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Censi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic diseases and Ageing, Italian National Institute of health, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Mattei
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic diseases and Ageing, Italian National Institute of health, Rome, Italy
| | - Graziano Onder
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic diseases and Ageing, Italian National Institute of health, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Calcagnini
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic diseases and Ageing, Italian National Institute of health, Rome, Italy
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Nadeem F, Nunez Garcia A, Thach Tran C, Wu M. Magnetic Interference on Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices From Apple iPhone MagSafe Technology. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020818. [PMID: 34074132 PMCID: PMC8477860 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.020818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Magnet wireless charging is being utilized increasingly in current generation smartphones. Apple's MagSafe is a proprietary wireless charging technology with an array of magnets that has the capacity to generate magnet fieldstrength >50 gauss (G). We hypothesize that there is clinically significant magnet interference caused by Apple's MagSafe technology on cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED). Methods and Results This study has an in vivo and an ex vivo component. The in vivo component consists of consecutive patients who presented to the electrophysiology laboratory with previously implanted CIEDs. The iPhone 12 Pro Max was directly placed on the skin over the pocket of these patients and the effect was studied by device interrogation. For the ex vivo component of the study, CIEDs from major device companies were tested for magnetic interference caused by iPhone 12 Pro Max through unopened packages. We found that iPhone 12 Pro Max resulted in clinically identifiable magnet interference in 3/3 (100%) participants in vivo and in 8/11 (72.7%) devices ex vivo. Conclusions Apple's iPhone 12 Pro Max MagSafe technology can cause magnet interference on CIEDs and has the potential to inhibit lifesaving therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Nadeem
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute and Brown University Providence RI
| | - Arismendy Nunez Garcia
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute and Brown University Providence RI
| | - Cao Thach Tran
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute and Brown University Providence RI
| | - Michael Wu
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute and Brown University Providence RI
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Driessen S, Napp A, Schmiedchen K, Kraus T, Stunder D. Electromagnetic interference in cardiac electronic implants caused by novel electrical appliances emitting electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range: a systematic review. Europace 2020; 21:219-229. [PMID: 29992289 PMCID: PMC6365808 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euy155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the intermediate frequency (IF) range are generated by many novel electrical appliances, including electric vehicles, radiofrequency identification systems, induction hobs, or energy supply systems, such as wireless charging systems. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate whether cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the IF range (1 kHz-1 MHz). Additionally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of studies used to investigate EMI. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement, we collected and evaluated studies examining EMI in in vivo studies, in vitro studies (phantom studies, benchmark tests), and simulation studies. Our analysis revealed that cardiac implants are susceptible to malfunction induced by EMF in the IF range. Electromagnetic interference may in particular be provoked by security systems and induction hobs. The results of the studies evaluated in this systematic review further indicate that the likelihood for EMI is dependent on exposure-related parameters (field strength, frequency, and modulation) and on implant- as well as on lead-related parameters (model, type of implant, implant sensitivity setting, lead configuration, and implantation site). The review shows that the factors influencing EMI are not sufficiently characterized and EMF limit values for CIED patients cannot be derived yet. Future studies should therefore, consider exposure-related parameters as well as implant- and lead-related parameters systematically. Additionally, worst-case scenarios should be considered in all study types where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Driessen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu), Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Napp
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Schmiedchen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu), Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu), Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Stunder
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu), Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, Germany
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Napp A, Kolb C, Lennerz C, Bauer W, Schulz-Menger J, Kraus T, Marx N, Stunder D. Elektromagnetische Interferenz von aktiven Herzrhythmusimplantaten im Alltag und im beruflichen Umfeld. DER KARDIOLOGE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12181-019-0335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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An Implantable Wireless Neural Interface System for Simultaneous Recording and Stimulation of Peripheral Nerve with a Single Cuff Electrode. SENSORS 2017; 18:s18010001. [PMID: 29267230 PMCID: PMC5795569 DOI: 10.3390/s18010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Recently, implantable devices have become widely used in neural prostheses because they eliminate endemic drawbacks of conventional percutaneous neural interface systems. However, there are still several issues to be considered: low-efficiency wireless power transmission; wireless data communication over restricted operating distance with high power consumption; and limited functionality, working either as a neural signal recorder or as a stimulator. To overcome these issues, we suggest a novel implantable wireless neural interface system for simultaneous neural signal recording and stimulation using a single cuff electrode. By using widely available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, an easily reconfigurable implantable wireless neural interface system was implemented into one compact module. The implantable device includes a wireless power consortium (WPC)-compliant power transmission circuit, a medical implant communication service (MICS)-band-based radio link and a cuff-electrode path controller for simultaneous neural signal recording and stimulation. During in vivo experiments with rabbit models, the implantable device successfully recorded and stimulated the tibial and peroneal nerves while communicating with the external device. The proposed system can be modified for various implantable medical devices, especially such as closed-loop control based implantable neural prostheses requiring neural signal recording and stimulation at the same time.
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Ohta H, Honda M, Takamiya M. Interventional placement of thin coil shaped implants powered wirelessly for monitoring vital signals and controlling abnormal activities by electro-stimulation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:3035-3038. [PMID: 28268951 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Various types of implants are being commonly used for monitoring vital signals and controlling the critically ill patient's condition such as arrhythmia, sick sinus syndrome, etc. For implanting these medical devices under the skin, surgery is inevitable. These days many patients are more willing to accept interventional therapies that are less invasive, especially inserting a catheter into a blood vessel or endoscopy through a natural orifice. To be able to use interventional therapy for implanting medical devices, they will need to be small enough to fit them through a catheter or the forceps channel of an endoscope. We evaluated a wirelessly powered prototype of a thin coil shaped (diameter 0.05 inches) implant for electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and controlling abnormal heart rhythms. An extracorporeal unit fed power to the sensors and transceiver circuit. We are planning to add sensors for detecting ECG signals and also a pulse generator for transmitting signals to the heart. At 13.6MHz, 10mW was wirelessly transferred from the helical antenna attached to the chest wall of the phantom to the coil's receiving antenna and the power enabled the sensors and circuits to work. Moreover, the coil's receiving antennas worked as stimulating electrodes similar to a pacemaker lead.
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Wen F, Huang X. Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Parallel Wireless Power Transfer Systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E157. [PMID: 28208709 PMCID: PMC5334711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The scenario of multiple wireless power transfer (WPT) systems working closely, synchronously or asynchronously with phase difference often occurs in power supply for household appliances and electric vehicles in parking lots. Magnetic field leakage from the WPT systems is also varied due to unpredictable asynchronous working conditions. In this study, the magnetic field leakage from parallel WPT systems working with phase difference is predicted, and the induced electric field and specific absorption rate (SAR) in a human body standing in the vicinity are also evaluated. Computational results are compared with the restrictions prescribed in the regulations established to limit human exposure to time-varying electromagnetic fields (EMFs). The results show that the middle region between the two WPT coils is safer for the two WPT systems working in-phase, and the peripheral regions are safer around the WPT systems working anti-phase. Thin metallic plates larger than the WPT coils can shield the magnetic field leakage well, while smaller ones may worsen the situation. The orientation of the human body will influence the maximum magnitude of induced electric field and its distribution within the human body. The induced electric field centralizes in the trunk, groin, and genitals with only one exception: when the human body is standing right at the middle of the two WPT coils working in-phase, the induced electric field focuses on lower limbs. The SAR value in the lungs always seems to be greater than in other organs, while the value in the liver is minimal. Human exposure to EMFs meets the guidelines of the International Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), specifically reference levels with respect to magnetic field and basic restrictions on induced electric fields and SAR, as the charging power is lower than 3.1 kW and 55.5 kW, respectively. These results are positive with respect to the safe applications of parallel WPT systems working simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xueliang Huang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China.
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