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Amirkhani M, Ghaemimood S, von Schreeb J, El-Khatib Z, Yaya S. Extreme weather events and death based on temperature and CO 2 emission - A global retrospective study in 77 low-, middle- and high-income countries from 1999 to 2018. Prev Med Rep 2022; 28:101846. [PMID: 35669858 PMCID: PMC9163583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary of reported number of extreme weather events/associated deaths globally. Data from a humanitarian disaster database (77 countries, 425 events, 1999–2018). Number of deaths increased significantly with the repetition of extreme events. Mortality rate in heat season was 7 fold higher than that in cold/severe winter. Consistent reporting measures, is needed, from severe weather-related events.
Due to rising temperatures and CO2 emissions, climate change has become one of the most important global issues. We described the relationship between extreme weather-related events and death, globally, from 1999 through 2018. We used data from the emergency events database of the Université Catholique de Louvain. We also categorized the countries’ income according to the World Bank GDP and we used the CO2 emission levels data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center to link the GDP and CO2 emissions to years of extreme weather conditions in each country. We conducted descriptive and Poisson Regression analysis to analyze the data. A total of 77 countries reported 425 extreme weather-related events from1999 through 2018. Mortality related events were highest in middle-income countries due to severe winter conditions (N = 2,020) and cold-waves (N = 70,972). The total number of recorded deaths due to heat waves was highest in high-income countries (N = 84,344). Furthermore, the number of deaths in high-income countries, compared to low-income countries, was five-fold higher (IRR 5.18; 95%CI 4.58; 5.85, p < 0.001). The mortality rate in heat season was almost seven-fold higher than that in cold/severe winter (IRR 33.43; 95%CI 32.85; 34.02, p < 0.001). The number of deaths increased significantly with the repetition of extreme events (IRR 6.82; 95%CI 6.68; 6.96, p < 0.001). We found the number of deaths increased in high-income countries, and this was associated with an increase in the number of times extreme events occurred per year and with heat wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Amirkhani
- Public Health Graduate Studies, Bahá'i Institute for Higher Education (BIHE), Iran
| | - Shidrokh Ghaemimood
- Public Health Graduate Studies, Bahá'i Institute for Higher Education (BIHE), Iran
| | - Johan von Schreeb
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Québec, Canada
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Charlson F, Ali S, Augustinavicius J, Benmarhnia T, Birch S, Clayton S, Fielding K, Jones L, Juma D, Snider L, Ugo V, Zeitz L, Jayawardana D, La Nauze A, Massazza A. Global priorities for climate change and mental health research. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106984. [PMID: 34991246 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with other health areas, the mental health impacts of climate change have received less research attention. The literature on climate change and mental health is growing rapidly but is characterised by several limitations and research gaps. In a field where the need for designing evidence-based adaptation strategies is urgent, and research gaps are vast, implementing a broad, all-encompassing research agenda will require some strategic focus. METHODS We followed a structured approach to prioritise future climate change and mental health research. We consulted with experts working across mental health and climate change, both within and outside of research and working in high, middle, and low-income countries, to garner consensus about the future research priorities for mental health and climate change. Experts were identified based on whether they had published work on climate change and mental health, worked in governmental and non-governmental organisations on climate change and mental health, and from the professional networks of the authors who have been active in the mental health and climate change space. RESULTS Twenty-two experts participated from across low- and middle-income countries (n = 4) and high-income countries (n = 18). Our process identified ten key priorities for progressing research on mental health and climate change. CONCLUSION While climate change is considered the biggest threat to global mental health in the coming century, tackling this threat could be the most significant opportunity to shape our mental health for centuries to come because of health co-benefits of transitioning to more sustainable ways of living. Research on the impacts of climate change on mental health and mental health-related systems will assist decision-makers to develop robust evidence-based mitigation and adaptation policies and plans with the potential for broad benefits to society and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Charlson
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Queensland Health, Wacol, Qld, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Suhailah Ali
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Queensland Health, Wacol, Qld, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Jura Augustinavicius
- School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; MHPSS Collaborative hosted by Save the Children Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, USA
| | - Stephen Birch
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | | | - Kelly Fielding
- School of Communication and Arts, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Lynne Jones
- FXB Centre for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damian Juma
- International Mental Health Association, USA
| | - Leslie Snider
- MHPSS Collaborative hosted by Save the Children Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Victor Ugo
- MHPSS Collaborative hosted by Save the Children Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Danusha Jayawardana
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Andrea La Nauze
- School of Economics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Alessandro Massazza
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Dhimal M, Neupane T, Lamichhane Dhimal M. Understanding linkages between environmental risk factors and noncommunicable diseases-A review. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:287-294. [PMID: 33977230 PMCID: PMC8103723 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors such as climate change are now underway, which have substantial impacts on health and well-being of human kind, but still imprecisely quantified, implications for human health. At present, one of the most significant discussions among scientists worldwide is interdependency of escalating environmental risk factors and the increasing rates of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Climate change also triggers the occurrence of NCDs through a variety of direct and indirect pathways. Therefore, it is likely that the interdependence of climate change, environmental risk factors, and NCDs as a whole poses great threat to global health. Hence, this paper aims to review the latest evidence on impacts of environmental risk factors on NCDs and methods used in establishing the cause or correlation of environmental risk factors and NCDs. The literature review leveraged online databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar with articles that matched keywords "climate change", "environmental risk factors," and "noncommunicable diseases". This review shows that the burden of NCDs is increasing globally and attribution of environmental risk factors such as climate change is significant. Understanding the nature of the relation between NCDs and the environment is complex and has relied on evidence generated from multiple study designs. This paper reviews eight types of study designs that can be used to identify and measure causal and correlational nature between environment and NCDs. Future projections suggest that increases in temperatures will continue and also increase the public health burden of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghnath Dhimal
- Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC)KathmanduNepal
- Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies (GIIS)KathmanduNepal
| | | | - Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal
- Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies (GIIS)KathmanduNepal
- Nepal Pollution Control and Environment Management Centre (NEPCEMAC)NayabatoLalitpurNepal
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Grech A, Howse E, Boylan S. A scoping review of policies promoting and supporting sustainable food systems in the university setting. Nutr J 2020; 19:97. [PMID: 32912299 PMCID: PMC7488481 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transitioning towards sustainable food systems for the health of the population and planet will require governments and institutions to develop effective governance to support the adoption of sustainable food practices. The aim of the paper is to describe current governance within Australian and New Zealand universities designed to support sustainable food systems. METHODS A systematic search of governance documents to support sustainable food systems within Australian and New Zealand universities was conducted. Data were obtained from 1) targeted websites 2) internet search engines and 3) expert consultations. Inclusion criteria consisted of university governance documents including by-laws, policies, guidelines, frameworks, and procedures that support sustainable food systems. RESULTS Twenty-nine governance documents across nineteen Australian and New Zealand universities were included for synthesis, including waste management policies (n = 3), fair-trade/procurement policies (n = 6), catering and or event guidelines (n = 7) and catering policies (n = 2), and environmental management plans (n = 11). The main strategies adopted by universities were sustainable waste management and prevention (e.g. reducing landfill, reducing wasted food, (27%)), ethical procurement practices (i.e. fair-trade (27%)) and environmentally sustainable food consumption (e.g. local, seasonal, organic, vegetarian food supply (14.5%)). Only 12.5% of universities addressed all three of the main strategies identified. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that while sustainable food systems are considered in some university governance documents, efforts are predominantly focused on aspects such as waste management or procurement of fair-trade items which as stand-alone practices are likely to have minimal impact. This review highlights the scope of universities to provide strong leadership in promoting and supporting sustainable food systems through holistic institutional policies and governance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Grech
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, John Hopkins Drive, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Eloise Howse
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sinead Boylan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, John Hopkins Drive, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rother HA. Controlling and preventing climate-sensitive noncommunicable diseases in urban sub-Saharan Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137772. [PMID: 32199361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research continues to highlight the link between climate change and health outcomes. There is, however, limited evidence in research, policies and in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) about the impact of environmental factors on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) for people living in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Important is that 80% of NCDs are taking place in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and linked to a third of the deaths in SSA. The question is, what would these statistics look like if environmental risk factors (e.g., pollution, chemicals) for NCDs, linked to climate change, were prevented and controlled. This article presents a framework for understanding climatic pathways' impacts on climate-sensitive NCDs and achieving the SDGs. It further explains how current global mitigation interventions in high income urban settings, with implied health co-benefits for NCD reduction (i.e., promoting use of less polluting vehicles, bicycles, walking, public transport, green spaces), experience major implementation challenges in SSA cities (i.e., too costly, lack of availability, poor road conditions, gender and cultural norms, security problems). Recommendations are made for applying this framework to control climate change impacts on NCDs and achieving the SDGs in SSA cities. These include, support for more research on the climate - NCD nexus, ensuring health professional training includes sustainable health education, and including a focus on climate change and health in primary and secondary school curricula. Further recommendations for addressing climate-sensitive NCDs and urban environmental health towards achieving and sustaining the SDGs, are linked to promoting climate-sensitive and health policies and governance, as well as controlling the influence of advertising. Lastly, improving communication of research findings for policy makers and the public in a manner for informed policy making, and how to comprehend this information to promote the reduction and prevention of NCDs in urban SSA, is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Andrea Rother
- Division of Environmental Health, and Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd., Observatory 7925, South Africa.
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Rother HA, Sabel CE, Vardoulakis S. A Collaborative Framework Highlighting Climate-Sensitive Non-communicable Diseases in Urban Sub-Saharan Africa. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS SERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14857-7_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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"There's Not Really Much Consideration Given to the Effect of the Climate on NCDs"-Exploration of Knowledge and Attitudes of Health Professionals on a Climate Change-NCD Connection in Barbados. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010198. [PMID: 31892174 PMCID: PMC6982231 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread awareness of the rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the growing threat of climate change, little research has explored future health outcomes that will occur at the intersection of these challenges. Ten Barbadian health professionals were interviewed to assess their knowledge of health risks of climate change as it relates to NCDs in Barbados as a case study of a small island state at risk. There is widespread concern among health professionals about the current and future prevalence of non-communicable diseases among Barbadians. There is less concern about the future burden of NCDs in the context of a changing climate, largely because of a lack of knowledge among the majority of the health experts interviewed. Those knowledgeable about potential connections noted the difficulty that climate change would pose to the prevention and management of NCDs, given the impacts of climate stressors to food security, the built environment, and physiological and psychosocial health impacts. Lack of awareness among health professionals of the risk climate change poses to NCD prevalence and impact is reflective of the country’s health priorities that fail to recognize the risk of climate change. We recommend efforts to disseminate information about climate change to stakeholders in the health sector to increase awareness.
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Lee MS, Hwang JW, Lee CS, Kim JY, Lee JH, Kim E, Chang HY, Bae S, Park JH, Bhang SY. Development of post-disaster psychosocial evaluation and intervention for children: Results of a South Korean delphi panel survey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195235. [PMID: 29596483 PMCID: PMC5875888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to administer a Delphi panel survey and provide evidence for the development of a psychological intervention protocol for use after disasters in South Korea. METHOD A three-round Delphi survey was conducted. In all rounds, respondents answered open- or closed-ended questions regarding their views on i) the concept of disaster, ii) evaluation, iii) intervention, and iv) considerations in a disaster. Data from Round 1 were subjected to content analysis. In Round 2, items with content validity ratios (CVRs) greater than 0.49 were included, and in Round 3, items with a CVR≥0.38 were accepted. RESULTS The response rates for the Delphi survey were high: 83% (n = 15, Round 1), 80% (n = 16, Round 2), and 86% (n = 24, Round 3). The data collected during this survey showed a need for a support system for children; for preventive strategies, including disaster readiness plans; for the protection of children's safety; and for the development of post-disaster psychosocial care. CONCLUSIONS The panel experts reached a consensus regarding the steps they considered critical in post-disaster evaluation and intervention. The findings suggest a unified model for advancing the development of the Korean version of an intervention protocol for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Won Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Cheol-Soon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | | | | | - Eunji Kim
- Todak Psychiatry Clinic, Ansan, Korea
| | - Hyoung Yoon Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Sunflower Center of Southern Gyeonggi for Women and Children Victims of Violence, Suwon, Korea
| | - SeungMin Bae
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jang-Ho Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Soo-Young Bhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Zhu XL, Luo JS, Zhang XC, Zhai Y, Wu J. China's Efforts on Management, Surveillance, and Research of Noncommunicable Diseases: NCD Scorecard Project. Ann Glob Health 2017; 83:489-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Mackenzie L, Coppola S, Alvarez L, Cibule L, Maltsev S, Loh SY, Mlambo T, Ikiugu MN, Pihlar Z, Sriphetcharawut S, Baptiste S, Ledgerd R. International Occupational Therapy Research Priorities. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2017; 37:72-81. [PMID: 28081694 DOI: 10.1177/1539449216687528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Occupational therapy is a global profession represented by the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT). International research priorities are needed for strategic guidance on global occupational therapy practice. The objective of this study was to develop international research priorities to reflect global occupational therapy practice. A Delphi study using three rounds of electronic surveys, distributed to WFOT member organizations and WFOT accredited universities, was conducted. Data were analyzed after each round, and priorities were presented for rating and ranking in order of importance. Forty-six (53%) out of 87 WFOT member countries participated in the Delphi process. Eight research priorities were confirmed by the final electronic survey round. Differences were observed in rankings given by member organizations and university respondents. Despite attrition at Round 3, the final research priorities will help to focus research efforts in occupational therapy globally. Follow-up research is needed to determine how the research priorities are being adopted internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
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- 1 World Federation of Occupational Therapists, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Susan Coppola
- 3 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Sergey Maltsev
- 6 Russian Association of Occupational Therapists, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Zdenka Pihlar
- 10 Institute for Rehabilitation, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Sue Baptiste
- 1 World Federation of Occupational Therapists, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Ledgerd
- 1 World Federation of Occupational Therapists, Western Australia, Australia
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