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Huang Z, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang S, Du X, Wei H. Relationship of blood heavy metals and osteoporosis among the middle-aged and elderly adults: A secondary analysis from NHANES 2013 to 2014 and 2017 to 2018. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1045020. [PMID: 36998274 PMCID: PMC10043376 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1045020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the relationship between blood heavy metals and a higher prevalence of osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly US adults using the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES).MethodsThe secondary data analysis was performed using the data of NHANES 2013–2014 and 2017–2018. We used the information, including physical examination, laboratory tests, questionnaires, and interviews, provided by participants in NHANES. Logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models were used to explore the relationships between levels of blood heavy metals and a higher prevalence of osteoporosis.ResultsA total of 1,777 middle-aged and elderly participants were analyzed in this study, comprising 115 participants with osteoporosis and 1,662 without osteoporosis. Adjusted model 1 showed a significant positive relationship between cadmium (Cd) levels and a higher prevalence of osteoporosis (quartile 2, OR = 7.62; 95% CI, 2.01–29.03; p = 0.003; quartile 3, OR = 12.38; 95% CI, 3.88–39.60; p < 0.001; and quartile 4, OR = 15.64; 95% CI, 3.22–76.08; p = 0.001). The fourth quartile of selenium (Se) level (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14–0.39; p < 0.001) led to a lower prevalence of osteoporosis and exerted a protective effect on model 1. Other models produced similar results to those of model 1. A subgroup analysis showed that Cd levels were positively related to a higher prevalence of osteoporosis in all three models in women, while this relationship was not found in men. The fourth quartile of the Se level was related to a lower prevalence of osteoporosis in both male and female analyses. A significant positive relationship was found between the blood Cd level and a higher prevalence of osteoporosis in the non-smoking subgroup. Blood Se level showed a protective effect on the fourth quartile in both the smoking and non-smoking subgroups.ConclusionBlood Cd level aggravated the prevalence of osteoporosis, while blood Se level could be a protective factor in osteoporosis among the US middle-aged and older populations.
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Wan Y, Mo LJ, Wu L, Li DL, Song J, Hu YK, Huang HB, Wei QZ, Wang DP, Qiu JM, Zhang ZJ, Liu QZ, Yang XF. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is involved in cadmium-associated bone damage. Toxicol Sci 2022; 191:201-211. [PMID: 36453845 PMCID: PMC9936213 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a well-characterized bone toxic agent and can induce bone damage via inhibiting osteogenic differentiation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/SMAD signaling pathway can mediate osteogenic differentiation, but the association between Cd and BMP/SMAD signaling pathway is yet to be illuminated. To understand what elements of BMPs and SMADs are affected by Cd to influence osteogenic differentiation and if BMPs can be the biomarkers of which Cd-induced osteoporosis, human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were treated with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in vitro to detect the expression of BMPs and SMADs, and 134 subjects were enrolled to explore if the BMPs can be potential biomarkers of Cd-associated bone damage. Our results showed that Cd exposure significantly promoted the adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and inhibited its osteogenic differentiation by inhibiting the expression of BMP-2/4, SMAD4, and p-SMAD1/5/9 complex. And mediation analyses yielded that BMP-4 mediated 39.32% (95% confidence interval 7.47, 85.00) of the total association between the Cd and the risk of Cd-associated bone damage. Moreover, during differentiation, BMP-4 had the potential to enhance mineralization compared with CdCl2 only group. These results reveal that BMP-4 can be a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for Cd-associated bone damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong-li Li
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Song
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-kun Hu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-bin Huang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin-zhi Wei
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-peng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-min Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510920, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-ji Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-zhan Liu
- To whom correspondences should be addressed at Xing-fen Yang, Food Safely and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of tropical Disease Reascarch, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Mdical Universtiy, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. E-mail: or at Qi-zhan Liu, Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People s Republic of China. E-mail: .
| | - Xing-fen Yang
- To whom correspondences should be addressed at Xing-fen Yang, Food Safely and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of tropical Disease Reascarch, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Mdical Universtiy, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. E-mail: or at Qi-zhan Liu, Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People s Republic of China. E-mail: .
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Lordan R, Zabetakis I. Cadmium: A Focus on the Brown Crab ( Cancer pagurus) Industry and Potential Human Health Risks. TOXICS 2022; 10:591. [PMID: 36287871 PMCID: PMC9609339 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a major health risk globally and is usually associated with pollution and anthropogenic activity. The presence of cadmium in food is monitored to ensure that the health and safety of consumers are maintained. Cadmium is ubiquitous in the Asian and Western diets, with the highest levels present in grains, leafy greens, and shellfish. As part of their natural lifecycle of moulting and shell renewal, all crustaceans-including the brown crab (Cancer pagurus)-bioaccumulate cadmium from their environment in their hepatopancreas. The brown crab is an important species to the crab-fishing industries of many European countries, including Ireland. However, the industry has come under scrutiny in Europe due to the presence of cadmium in the brown crab meat intended for live export to Asia. This review explores evidence regarding the effects of cadmium consumption on human health, with a focus on the brown crab. Differences in cadmium surveillance have given rise to issues in the crab industry, with economic consequences for multiple countries. Currently, evidence suggests that brown crab consumption is safe for humans in moderation, but individuals who consume diets characterised by high levels of cadmium from multiple food groups should be mindful of their dietary choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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4
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Wei MH, Cui Y, Zhou HL, Song WJ, Di DS, Zhang RY, Huang Q, Liu JA, Wang Q. Associations of multiple metals with bone mineral density: A population-based study in US adults. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131150. [PMID: 34470175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies focus on combined effects of multiple metals on bone mineral density (BMD) are scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine associations of multiple metals exposure with BMD. Data of adults aged ≥20 years (n = 2545) from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2016) were collected and analyzed. Concentrations of metals were measured in blood (cadmium [Cd], lead [Pb], mercury [Hg], and manganese [Mn]) and serum (copper [Cu], selenium [Se], and zinc [Zn]) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry, respectively. The weighted quantile sum (WQS) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were performed to determine the joint effects of multiple metals exposure on lumbar and total BMD. The linear regression analyses showed Pb was negatively associated with BMDs. The WQS regression analyses revealed that the WQS index was inversely related to lumbar (β = -0.022, 95% CI: -0.036, -0.008) and total BMD (β = -0.015, 95% CI: -0.024, -0.006), and Se, Mn, and Pb were the main contributors for the combined effects. Additionally, nonlinear dose-response relationships between Pb, Mn, and Se and BMD, as well as a synergistic interaction of Pb and Mn, were found in the BKMR analyses. Our findings suggested co-exposure to Cd, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cu, Se, and Zn (above their 50th percentiles) was associated with reduced BMD, and Pb, Mn, and Se were the main contributors driving the overall effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hong Wei
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuan Cui
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao-Long Zhou
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen-Jing Song
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Di
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ru-Yi Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun-An Liu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Banjabi AA, Kannan K, Kumosani TA, Yousef JM, Abulnaja KO, Moselhy SS. Association of blood heavy metal levels with osteocalcin abnormality and incidence of osteoporosis in Saudi subjects. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e248828. [PMID: 34550287 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.248828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum toxic metals have been implicated in development of many diseases. This study investigated the association between blood levels of lead and cadmium with abnormal bone mineral density (BMD) and incidence of osteoporosis. Sixty Saudi male adults age matching were assigned into two groups: A healthy control group (n = 30) and osteoporosis patients diagnosed according to T-score (n = 30). Serum calcium, vitamin D, osteocalcin, lead, cadmium were measured. Osteoporotic group showed a highly significant elevation of blood lead and cadmium levels compared to the control group (p <0.001). BMD was negatively correlated with serum osteocalcin level compared with control. There was a significant negative correlation between the cadmium and lead levels (r=-0.465 and p-value = 0.01) and calcium (p < 0.004). Our findings suggested that high cadmium and lead were negative correlated to BMD and increased the risk factor for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Banjabi
- King Abdulaziz University - KAU, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Kannan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York, University School of Medicine, NY10016, USA
| | - T A Kumosani
- King Abdulaziz University - KAU, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdulaziz University - KAU, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdulaziz University - KAU, Production of Bio-Products for Industrial Applications Research Group, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - J M Yousef
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - K O Abulnaja
- King Abdulaziz University - KAU, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdulaziz University - KAU, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S S Moselhy
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, Cairo, Egypt
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Ratajczak AE, Rychter AM, Zawada A, Dobrowolska A, Krela-Kaźmierczak I. Do Only Calcium and Vitamin D Matter? Micronutrients in the Diet of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Patients and the Risk of Osteoporosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020525. [PMID: 33562891 PMCID: PMC7914453 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the most common extraintestinal complications among patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases. The role of vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of a decreased bone mineral density is well known, although other nutrients, including micronutrients, are also of extreme importance. Despite the fact that zinc, copper, selenium, iron, cadmium, silicon and fluorine have not been frequently discussed with regard to the prevention of osteoporosis, it is possible that a deficiency or excess of the abovementioned elements may affect bone mineralization. Additionally, the risk of malnutrition, which is common in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, as well as the composition of gut microbiota, may be associated with micronutrients status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Ewa Ratajczak
- Correspondence: (A.E.R.); (I.K.-K.); Tel.: +48-667-385-996 (A.E.R.); +48-8691-343 (I.K.-K.); Fax: +48-8691-686 (A.E.R.)
| | | | | | | | - Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
- Correspondence: (A.E.R.); (I.K.-K.); Tel.: +48-667-385-996 (A.E.R.); +48-8691-343 (I.K.-K.); Fax: +48-8691-686 (A.E.R.)
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7
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Bjørklund G, Pivina L, Dadar M, Semenova Y, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J. Long-Term Accumulation of Metals in the Skeleton as Related to Osteoporotic Derangements. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6837-6848. [PMID: 31333081 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190722153305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of metals in the environment are still not within the recommended limits as set by the regulatory authorities in various countries because of human activities. They can enter the food chain and bioaccumulate in soft and hard tissues/organs, often with a long half-life of the metal in the body. Metal exposure has a negative impact on bone health and may result in osteoporosis and increased fracture risk depending on concentration and duration of metal exposure and metal species. Bones are a long-term repository for lead and some other metals, and may approximately contain 90% of the total body burden in birds and mammals. The present review focuses on the most common metals found in contaminated areas (mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, iron, and aluminum) and their effects on bone tissue, considering the possibility of the long-term bone accumulation, and also some differences that might exist between different age groups in the whole population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Lyudmila Pivina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan,CONEM Kazakhstan Environmental Health and Safety Research Group, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Yuliya Semenova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan,CONEM Kazakhstan Environmental Health and Safety Research Group, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy,CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway,Faculty of Health and Social Science, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences,
Elverum, Norway
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8
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Vasconcelos Neto M, Quintal APN, Pôrto LBG, Vitorino Carvalho de Souza S. Lead in Brazilian food: Exposure assessment and risk characterization. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:315-325. [PMID: 33455534 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1852321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A risk assessment was performed to estimate the lead (Pb) dietary intake in the Brazilian population. Data on Pb concentration in food were obtained through a systematic review with meta-analyses and from the GEMS/Food database, both involving data through 2018. Food consumption data were obtained from a Brazilian official dietary survey. Pb dietary intakes were estimated by a deterministic approach. Risk characterisation was conducted using the margin of exposure approach (MOE). The total Pb intake in the Brazilian population ranged from 1.53 to 2.01 μg/kg bw/day. Major contributors to Pb dietary exposure were the vegetable and vegetable products and beverage categories. From the results obtained, a risk of increased systolic pressure, nephrotoxicity and decrease of 0.5 point intelligence quotient can be expected, MOE<1, with greater magnitudes of risk observed for men in rural areas and in the Midwest, Southeast and South Brazilian regions. The dietary risk assessment indicates a health concern for the Brazilian population associated with Pb dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Vasconcelos Neto
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Health Public Laboratory of Minas Gerais State , Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Food Science (ALM), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Galvez-Fernandez M, Grau-Perez M, Garcia-Barrera T, Ramirez-Acosta S, Gomez-Ariza JL, Perez-Gomez B, Galan-Labaca I, Navas-Acien A, Redon J, Briongos-Figuero LS, Dueñas-Laita A, Perez-Castrillon JL, Tellez-Plaza M, Martin-Escudero JC. Arsenic, cadmium, and selenium exposures and bone mineral density-related endpoints: The HORTEGA study. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:392-400. [PMID: 33137469 PMCID: PMC9019194 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Experimental data suggest that trace elements, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and selenium (Se) can influence the bone remodeling process. We evaluated the cross-sectional association between As, Cd, and Se biomarkers with bone mineral density (BMD) measured at the calcaneus, in a representative sample of a general population from Spain. As secondary analyses we evaluated the associations of interest in subgroups defined by well-established BMD determinants, and also conducted prospective analysis of osteoporosis-related incident bone fractures restricted to participants older than 50 years-old. METHODS In N = 1365 Hortega Study participants >20 years-old, urine As and Cd were measured by inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS); plasma Se was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with graphite furnace; and BMD at the calcaneus was measured using the Peripheral Instaneuous X-ray Imaging system (PIXI). As levels were corrected for arsenobetaine (Asb) to account for inorganic As exposure. RESULTS The median of total urine As, Asb-corrected urine As, urine Cd, and plasma Se was 61.3, 6.53 and 0.39 μg/g creatinine, and 84.9 μg/L, respectively. In cross-sectional analysis, urine As and Cd were not associated with reduced BMD (T-score < -1 SD). We observed a non-linear dose-response of Se and reduced BMD, showing an inverse association below ~105 μg/L, which became increasingly positive above ~105 μg/L. The evaluated subgroups did not show differential associations. In prospective analysis, while we also observed a U-shape dose-response of Se with the incidence of osteoporosis-related bone fractures, the positive association above ~105 μg/L was markedly stronger, compared to the cross-sectional analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that Se, but not As and Cd, was associated to BMD-related disease. The association of Se and BMD-related disease was non-linear, including a strong positive association with osteoporosis-related bone fractures risk at the higher Se exposure range. Considering the substantial burden of bone loss in elderly populations, additional large prospective studies are needed to confirm the relevance of our findings to bone loss prevention in the population depending on Se exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Galvez-Fernandez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Microbiology, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Severo Ochoa, Avenida de Orellana, 28914, Madrid, Spain; Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Grau-Perez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Microbiology, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Area of Renal Risk and Cardiometabolic Disease, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clinic de Valencia (INCLIVA), Avinguda de Menéndez y Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Valencia, Calle Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tamara Garcia-Barrera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Sara Ramirez-Acosta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jose L Gomez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perez-Gomez
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Galan-Labaca
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Microbiology, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W, 168th Street, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Josep Redon
- Area of Renal Risk and Cardiometabolic Disease, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clinic de Valencia (INCLIVA), Avinguda de Menéndez y Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laisa S Briongos-Figuero
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital Rio Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid. University of Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Dueñas-Laita
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital Rio Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid. University of Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Perez-Castrillon
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital Rio Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid. University of Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria Tellez-Plaza
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Microbiology, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Area of Renal Risk and Cardiometabolic Disease, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clinic de Valencia (INCLIVA), Avinguda de Menéndez y Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Martin-Escudero
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital Rio Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid. University of Valladolid, Spain
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Hsueh YM, Huang YL, Chen HH, Shiue HS, Lin YC, Hsieh RL. Alcohol Consumption Moderated the Association Between Levels of High Blood Lead or Total Urinary Arsenic and Bone Loss. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:782174. [PMID: 34925242 PMCID: PMC8678633 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.782174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal exposure and lifestyle are important risk factors for osteoporosis. Our study aimed to investigate the association between red blood cell lead and cadmium, total urinary arsenic, and plasma selenium levels and bone mineral density (BMD). In addition, we explored whether alcohol and coffee consumption modified the association between BMD and metals and metalloids. In total, 437 participants who underwent adult or senile physical examinations were recruited. Bone loss was defined as a calcaneus BMD T-score of <-1. Blood cadmium and lead and plasma selenium levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Levels of urinary arsenic species were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generator-atomic absorption spectrometry. The total urinary arsenic level was defined as the sum of the levels of urinary arsenic species. The BMD T-scores decreased significantly with increasing blood lead levels. The BMD T-scores also showed a downward trend with increasing total urinary arsenic levels. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for bone loss in patients with blood lead levels >57.58 versus 35.74 μg/dL were 1.98 and 1.17-3.34. In addition, the greater the lead or arsenic exposure and alcohol intake was the higher the OR for bone loss with multivariate ORs of 2.57 (95% CI 1.45-4.56) and 2.96 (95% CI 1.67-5.22), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that high total urinary arsenic or blood lead levels and frequent or occasional alcohol consumption had a significant multiplicative interaction for increasing the OR for bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Hsueh
- Department of Family Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Huang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Sheng Shiue
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Lan Hsieh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ru-Lan Hsieh,
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11
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Jalili C, Kazemi M, Taheri E, Mohammadi H, Boozari B, Hadi A, Moradi S. Exposure to heavy metals and the risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:1671-1682. [PMID: 32361950 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between heavy metal exposure and risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis has biological plausibility, yet it remains inconclusive; therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the associations between exposure to heavy metals (i.e., cadmium, lead, and mercury) and the risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis. Databases of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched through November 2019, to identify studies that evaluated the relationship between exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury and risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis in adults. Fourteen eligible studies were included. Effect sizes expressed as pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using weighted random-effect models. Exposure to cadmium (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.56; P ≤ 0.001) and lead (OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.32; P = 0.05) was associated with an increased risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis, unlike mercury. Subgroup analyses showed cadmium exposure increased the risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis in older (> 65 yrs.; OR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.08 to 1.88, P = 0.01) compared with younger (18-65 yrs.; OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.52, P = 0.03) adults. Also, lead exposure increased the risk in men (OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.09, P = 0.007) unlike in women. By contrast to urinary levels, blood (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.47, P = 0.003) and dietary (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.67, P < 0.001) levels of cadmium were associated with an increased risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis. Exposure to cadmium and lead may be associated with an increased risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis, although high heterogeneity was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M Kazemi
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - E Taheri
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - B Boozari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Hadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Moradi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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12
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Dietary mercury intake and colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:2106-2113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Ondrasek G, Clode PL, Kilburn MR, Guagliardo P, Romić D, Rengel Z. Zinc and Cadmium Mapping in the Apical Shoot and Hypocotyl Tissues of Radish by High-Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS) after Short-Term Exposure to Metal Contamination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030373. [PMID: 30699929 PMCID: PMC6388160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (as an essential phytonutrient) and cadmium (as a toxic but readily bioavailable nonessential metal for plants) share similar routes for crossing plant biomembranes, although with a substantially different potential for translocation into above-ground tissues. The in situ distribution of these metals in plant cells and tissues (particularly intensively-dividing and fast-growing areas) is poorly understood. In this study, 17-day-old radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants grown in nutrient solution were subjected to short-term (24 h) equimolar contamination (2.2 µM of each 70Zn and Cd) to investigate their accumulation and distribution in the shoot apex (leaf primordia) and edible fleshy hypocotyl tissues. After 24-h exposure, radish hypocotyl had similar concentration (in µg/g dry weight) of 70Zn (12.1 ± 1.1) and total Cd (12.9 ± 0.8), with relatively limited translocation of both metals to shoots (concentrations lower by 2.5-fold for 70Zn and 4.8-fold for Cd) as determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The in situ Zn/Cd distribution maps created by high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS, Cameca, Gennevilliers, France) imaging corresponded well with the ICP-MS data, confirming a similar pattern and uniform distribution of 70Zn and Cd across the examined areas. Both applied techniques can be powerful tools for quantification (ICP-MS) and localisation and visualisation (NanoSIMS) of some ultra-trace isotopes in the intensively-dividing cells and fast-growing tissues of non-metalophytes even after short-term metal exposure. The results emphasise the importance of the quality of (agro)ecosystem resources (growing media, metal-contaminated soils/waters) in the public health risk, given that, even under low contamination and short-term exposure, some of the most toxic metallic ions (e.g., Cd) can relatively rapidly enter the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrijel Ondrasek
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
- Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Peta L Clode
- The Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Matt R Kilburn
- The Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- The Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Davor Romić
- Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zed Rengel
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
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14
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Kim H, Lee J, Woo HD, Kim DW, Choi IJ, Kim YI, Kim J. Association between dietary cadmium intake and early gastric cancer risk in a Korean population: a case-control study. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:3255-3266. [PMID: 30498867 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Foods such as grains and vegetables are the dominant sources of exposure to cadmium, which has been classified as a carcinogen by various public health agencies. Cadmium exposure is a growing concern due to its associations with numerous harmful health effects, including gastric cancer risk. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of dietary cadmium intake and the consumption of cadmium-contributing foods with early gastric cancer risk. METHODS A case-control study including 1245 subjects (cases, 415; controls, 830) was conducted in Korea. The dietary cadmium intake and the consumption of cadmium-contributing foods were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS After adjustment for covariates, the gastric cancer risk was increased for participants in the highest tertile of cadmium intake [odds ratios (ORs) 1.33, 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) 0.94-1.88], but there was no significance. Both female (ORs 2.71, 95% CIs 1.37-5.36) and male (ORs 1.63, 95% CIs 1.07-2.50) participants in the highest tertile of rice consumption had a higher gastric cancer risk than did those in the lowest tertile. Men in the highest tertile of crab consumption had a gastric cancer risk 2.23 times greater than that of men in the lowest tertile (ORs 2.23, 95% CIs 1.21-4.13), but a difference was not seen in women. CONCLUSIONS Future studies examining the causal effects of dietary cadmium intake and the consumption of cadmium-contributing foods on early gastric cancer risk in large-scale prospective cohorts are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, South Korea
| | - Jeonghee Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, South Korea
| | - Hae Dong Woo
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, South Korea
| | - Dong Woo Kim
- Department of Home Economics, Korea National Open University, 86, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il Ju Choi
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, South Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, South Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, South Korea.
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15
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Jiang F, Zhi X, Xu M, Li B, Zhang Z. Gender-specific differences of interaction between cadmium exposure and obesity on prediabetes in the NHANES 2007-2012 population. Endocrine 2018; 61:258-266. [PMID: 29846900 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2007-2012 were used to evaluate the interactions of cadmium (Cd) exposure with being overweight/obesity on the risk of prediabetes among adults 20 years older. METHODS A total of 3552 subjects were included in the analysis. Urinary cadmium levels (UCd) was used as a biomarker for long-term exposure to Cd. Additive interaction was estimated using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and synergy index (S). RESULTS Following covariates adjustments, we found significant associations of UCd with higher prediabetes prevalence, and this association was more apparent in males (Q4 vs Q1: OR = 1.95, 95%CI: 1.34-2.84); while overweight/obesity was associated with prediabetes both in males and in females. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between Cd exposure and being overweight/obesity on prediabetes risk among males (RERI = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.42-1.93; AP = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.12-0.58; S = 2.00, 95% CI: 0.92-4.34). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that being overweight/obesity may substantially amplify the adverse effects of long-term cadmium exposure on prediabetes risk, and this interaction is more severe in male adults. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xueyuan Zhi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bingyan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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16
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Satarug S. Dietary Cadmium Intake and Its Effects on Kidneys. TOXICS 2018; 6:E15. [PMID: 29534455 PMCID: PMC5874788 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a food-chain contaminant that has high rates of soil-to-plant transference. This phenomenon makes dietary Cd intake unavoidable. Although long-term Cd intake impacts many organ systems, the kidney has long been considered to be a critical target of its toxicity. This review addresses how measurements of Cd intake levels and its effects on kidneys have traditionally been made. These measurements underpin the derivation of our current toxicity threshold limit and tolerable intake levels for Cd. The metal transporters that mediate absorption of Cd in the gastrointestinal tract are summarized together with glomerular filtration of Cd and its sequestration by the kidneys. The contribution of age differences, gender, and smoking status to Cd accumulation in lungs, liver, and kidneys are highlighted. The basis for use of urinary Cd excretion to reflect body burden is discussed together with the use of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels to quantify its toxicity. The associations of Cd with the development of chronic kidney disease and hypertension, reduced weight gain, and zinc reabsorption are highlighted. In addition, the review addresses how urinary Cd threshold levels have been derived from human population data and their utility as a warning sign of impending kidney malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute and Centre for Health Services Research, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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