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Koyama S, Tabuchi T, Miyashiro I. E-Cigarettes Use Behaviors in Japan: An Online Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020892. [PMID: 35055714 PMCID: PMC8775432 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has become increasingly widespread throughout the world, including in Japan. However, little is known about how e-cigarettes are used in Japan, a country with heavy restrictions on nicotine-containing e-liquids and/or vaping products. This study examined e-cigarette use (e-cigarette use duration, frequency of use, device type, electrical resistance, nicotine use, favorite e-liquid flavors) among users in Japan, through an online survey using a web-based self-reported questionnaire which included questions about sex, age, combustible cigarette and heated tobacco product (HTP) use behaviors. Of 4689 e-cigarettes users analyzed, 93.5% were men and 52.9% had been using e-cigarettes for 1–3 years. Over 80% used e-cigarettes every day; 62.3% used nicotine liquid, and half of the nicotine liquid users used nicotine salt. The most popular liquid flavor was fruit (prevalence: 68.1%), followed by tobacco (prevalence: 48.4%). While 50.9% were e-cigarette single users, 35.2% were dual users (e-cigarettes and cigarettes or HTPs) and 13.8% were triple user (e-cigarettes, cigarettes and HTPs). This is the first comprehensive survey of Japanese e-cigarette users and our finding suggest more than half use nicotine liquid, although e-cigarettes containing nicotine liquid have been prohibited by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act since 2010 in Japan. The study also showed 49.1% of participants used cigarettes and/or HTPs concurrently (dual or triple users).
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Franchyeda B, Sinaga BYM. Perception and Behavior about Electric Cigarette in Electric Cigarette Users in Medan City, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As a new device and technology, the use of e-cigarettes has increased rapidly in Indonesia, e-cigarettes attract and make people curious.
AIM: This study aims to determine the description of perceptions and behavior about e- cigarettes in e-cigarette users in Medan city, Indonesia.
METHODS: This type of research is quantitative with descriptive design. The sample of this study was 100 electric cigarette users in Medan city, Indonesia, using consecutive sampling method. The data in this study were obtained through a questionnaire conducted in August–October 2019.
RESULTS: The respondents of this study were 100 electric cigarette users, consisting of 92 men and 8 women, aged between 17 and 39 years and 42% worked as students. Some respondents had more than 1 electric cigarette device and used different atomizers on different devices. As many as, 42% of tobacco smoking respondents switched to e-cigarettes and stopped smoking. There is a decrease in the number of tobacco cigarette consumption among users who use tobacco cigarettes and electric cigarettes, respondents who had a positive perception of e-cigarettes were 51%, and most of respondents (88%) use e-cigarettes because they see the people around them.
CONCLUSION: This study shows that the majority of e-cigarette users in Medan city, Indonesia, are former smokers and have a positive perception of e-cigarettes. Moreover, the most frequent reasons to start using electric cigarette are because they see others around them use it.
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Schwarzmeier LÂT, da Cruz BS, Ferreira CCP, Carvalho BFDC, Alves MGO, Lima Carta CF, Scholz JR, Almeida JD. E-cig might cause cell damage of oral mucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021; 131:435-443. [PMID: 33610539 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate cytogenetic and cytotoxic damage through the evaluation of micronuclei (MN) and metanuclear anomalies in the oral mucosa of electronic cigarette (e-cig) users. STUDY DESIGN The patients were recruited into 4 groups: e-cig users, smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers (control). The samples were collected by means of exfoliative cytology of the lateral region of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. The smears obtained were fixed and stained by the Feulgen method for investigation of MN and metanuclear anomalies. RESULTS A significant difference was observed for MN frequency only between the smoker and control groups. As for metanuclear anomalies, significant differences were observed: karyolysis between: smokers and control, e-cig and control, as well as former smokers; karyorrhexis: between smoker and control; binucleation: between e-cig and former smoker, as well as control; broken eggs: between e-cig and all other groups; nuclear bud: between e-cig and former smokers, as well as control. CONCLUSIONS E-cig and alcohol users presented genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the oral mucosa cells. The use of e-cigs and alcohol by former smokers can cause more damage to the cells of the oral mucosa compared to those who have not used e-cigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Ângelo Tavares Schwarzmeier
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Serralheiro da Cruz
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Panisello Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fernandes do Carmo Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Mônica Ghislaine Oliveira Alves
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil; School of Medicine, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, São José dos Campos. São Paulo
| | - Celina Faig Lima Carta
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Ribeiro Scholz
- Outpatient Smoking Treatment Program of the Heart Institute (Incor), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Dias Almeida
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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Eyal N. Rescuing Vapers Versus Rescuing Smokers: The Ethics. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:26-31. [PMID: 32840616 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Suppose for the sake of argument that wide access to electronic cigarettes would help a great many smokers quit and others avoid smoking, with a dramatic cumulative effect on population health. But suppose also that nowadays, teenagers rarely benefit from that effect, because most do not smoke and are not expected to smoke as adults. Many teenagers do vape. When the net effect of vaping on general public health is expected to remain very positive, should we nevertheless fight vaping, so as to protect teenagers from the direct risks of vaping? For example, what to do if and when certain targeted regulations that would protect teenagers would also, by making it harder to vape, substantially increase smoking in the general population? This situation may be common, and, by pitting the health interests of the general population against those of teenagers, poses an ethical dilemma. This article argues philosophically that if such tradeoffs between the health interests of adolescents and those of the general population exist, morally it is both permissible and preferable to promote the health of the general population. IMPLICATIONS In the debate about electronic-cigarette based tobacco harm reduction, some disagreements are factual, for example, disagreements about how harmful vaping is to human lungs, and how much the option of vaping helps smokers quit. However, there is also an ethical debate: if tradeoffs between the health interests of adolescents at risk of vaping and those of the general population (driven by those of smokers) exist, who should be prioritized? This article argues that morally it is sometimes, at least, both permissible and preferable to promote the health of the general population over those of adolescents at risk of vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Eyal
- Center for Population-Level Bioethics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.,School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ
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Edwards R, Stanley J, Waa AM, White M, Kaai SC, Ouimet J, Quah AC, Fong GT. Patterns of Use of Vaping Products Among Smokers: Findings from the 2016-2018 International Tobacco Control (ITC) New Zealand Surveys. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6629. [PMID: 32932952 PMCID: PMC7559110 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternative nicotine products like e-cigarettes could help achieve an end to the epidemic of ill health and death caused by smoking. However, in-depth information about their use is often limited. Our study investigated patterns of use of e-cigarettes and attitudes and beliefs among smokers and ex-smokers in New Zealand (NZ), a country with an 'endgame' goal for smoked tobacco. Data came from smokers and ex-smokers in Waves 1 and 2 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) NZ Survey (Wave 1 August 2016-April 2017, 1155 participants; Wave 2, June-December 2018, 1020 participants). Trial, current and daily use of e-cigarettes was common: daily use was 7.9% among smokers and 22.6% among ex-smokers in Wave 2, and increased between surveys. Use was commonest among 18-24 years and ex-smokers, but was similar among Māori and non-Māori participants, and by socio-economic status. Most participants used e-cigarettes to help them quit or reduce their smoking. The most common motivating factor for use was cost and the most common barrier to use cited was that e-cigarettes were less satisfying than smoking. The findings could inform developing interventions in order to maximise the contribution of e-cigarettes to achieving an equitable smoke-free Aotearoa, and to minimise any potential adverse impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Edwards
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6023, New Zealand; (J.S.); (A.M.W.); (M.W.)
| | - James Stanley
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6023, New Zealand; (J.S.); (A.M.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Andrew M. Waa
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6023, New Zealand; (J.S.); (A.M.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Maddie White
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6023, New Zealand; (J.S.); (A.M.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Susan C. Kaai
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.C.K.); (J.O.); (A.C.K.Q.); (G.T.F.)
| | - Janine Ouimet
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.C.K.); (J.O.); (A.C.K.Q.); (G.T.F.)
| | - Anne C.K. Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.C.K.); (J.O.); (A.C.K.Q.); (G.T.F.)
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.C.K.); (J.O.); (A.C.K.Q.); (G.T.F.)
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Ave Suite 510, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
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Use of e-cigarettes and smoked tobacco in youth aged 14–15 years in New Zealand: findings from repeated cross-sectional studies (2014–19). LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 5:e204-e212. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Truman P, Stanfill S, Heydari A, Silver E, Fowles J. Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity of flavoured e-cigarette liquids. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:123-128. [PMID: 31536738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Monoamine oxidase inhibitors have been hypothesised to be important in tobacco dependence, reinforcing the brain's response to nicotine by delaying the degradation of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidases. The development of electronic cigarettes has provided an alternative nicotine delivery system, which is widely viewed as less toxic than tobacco smoke. However, significant data gaps remain. This paper reports the results of measurements of monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity in a small sample of commercially available, flavoured e-liquids. METHODS Twelve e-liquids were tested for monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity, using the kynuramine assay and monoamine oxidase enzymes (human, recombinant). Control samples of carrier liquids, propylene glycol and glycerol, and nicotine were also tested. RESULTS Four e-liquids contained high levels of inhibitory activity, four more were moderately inhibitory. The remaining four e-liquids were mildly inhibitory, while the carrier liquids, and nicotine were inactive at relevant concentrations. The active compounds in the e-liquids were subsequently identified as vanillin and ethyl vanillin. Under some conditions of use, the sampled e-liquids with the highest concentrations of monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity have the potential to expose consumers to physiologically significant levels of MAO inhibitory activity. CONCLUSIONS While only a small sample of e-liquids was tested, the findings suggest that some flavours have pharmacological actions, with potential to enhance the response to nicotine or to other drugs. The public health implications of these preliminary findings on addiction and smoking cessation warrant exploration and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Truman
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen Stanfill
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ali Heydari
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Jefferson Fowles
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
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Erku DA, Gartner CE, Tengphakwaen U, Morphett K, Steadman KJ. Nicotine vaping product use, harm perception and policy support among pharmacy customers in Brisbane, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:703-711. [PMID: 31486151 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Despite regulatory barriers for accessing nicotine liquid, use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) has increased rapidly in Australia. Legal use of NVPs to aid smoking cessation requires a prescription, and pharmacies report receiving enquiries about the use of and access to NVPs. In this study, we assessed vaping product use, harm perception and policy support among community pharmacy customers. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among customers (n = 470) from a large community pharmacy chain in Brisbane, Australia. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine perception of NVPs as less harmful than combustible cigarettes and regulatory recommendations in relation to demographics, smoking status and NVP use. RESULTS Almost one-third of the sample (31%) had either tried NVPs in the past (16%) or were current vapers (15%), the majority of them being current smokers (67%) who are trying to quit (31%) or substitute smoking (41%). Vapers primarily depended on family/friends as a source of information (76%). Current smokers and vapers were more likely to perceive NVPs as less harmful than cigarettes than non-smokers and non-vapers. Perceiving NVPs as safer than cigarettes was correlated with a recommendation to regulate as a tobacco product. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS There was widespread misperception about relative risk of nicotine-containing products, with 37% of respondents perceiving nicotine-containing NVPs to be as harmful as combustible cigarettes. Community pharmacies represent an ideal setting for educating smokers about smoking and vaping. Thus, pharmacy staff needs educational support to ensure that they are equipped to provide current evidence-based information to customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Erku
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Coral E Gartner
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | | | - Kylie Morphett
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Steadman
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
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Sumner W, Farsalinos K. Lessons and Guidance from the Special Issue on Electronic Cigarette Use and Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071338. [PMID: 29949861 PMCID: PMC6068822 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walton Sumner
- Retired from Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington University, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Konstantinos Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, 17674 Kallithea, Greece.
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