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Maupin D, Canetti EFD, Schram B, Dulla JM, Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Orr RM. Law enforcement recruit fitness: Changes across the fitness spectrum. Work 2024:WOR230686. [PMID: 38820056 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement is a profession of sedentary physical activity interspersed with physically demanding activity that requires high levels of fitness. It is imperative that agencies training law enforcement recruits maximise their fitness during their time at the academy. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate changes in physical fitness during academy training. METHODS Retrospective data for 10 academy recruit classes, totalling 715 participants, were collected from a US law enforcement agency. The change in performance on two standardised tests were used as outcome measures. Comparisons were made between percentiles utilising one-way ANOVA and a linear mixed model (LMM). RESULTS Overall, higher percentiles were found to have smaller improvements in physical fitness than lower percentiles. The results of the LMM support this supposition, showing that lower physical fitness scores resulted in greater improvements in a generalised fitness assessment (value = -0.45, standard error 0.02, p < 0.001) and an occupational assessment (value = -0.49, standard error = 0.02, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that recruits with lower physical fitness will see greater improvements during academy training. This could be due to a ceiling effect for the more fit but may also be due to recruits of higher physical fitness being under trained during academy. Utilising ability-based training and prescribing an appropriate workload to recruits of higher fitness may improve overall recruit fitness upon graduation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Maupin
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elisa F D Canetti
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ben Schram
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Kinesiology, Oklahoma States University, OK, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Hudson S, Ridland L, Blackburn J, Monchuk L, Ousey K. The comfort and functional performance of personal protective equipment for police officers: a systematic scoping review. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38263946 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2302957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to identify and summarise evidence on the comfort and functional performance of police officer personal protective equipment (PPE). The Arksey and O'Malley (2005) five-stage framework for scoping reviews was followed. PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched, and 35 articles were included in the review. The findings show that increased police PPE mass increases heart rate, metabolic energy expenditure, and perceived exertion in response to exercise. Unisex armour designs cause increased discomfort for females with larger bra sizes. PPE reduces joint-specific range of motion, with the design and location impairing movement more than mass. Jumping and sprinting performance is decreased with heavy PPE but unaffected by lighter protection, while agility is compromised with most forms of protection. Future research is needed on the fit and function of PPE for specialist police units, such as mounted police, along with further investigations on how fit can affect functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hudson
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Leanne Ridland
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Joanna Blackburn
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Leanne Monchuk
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Karen Ousey
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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Ramaj Jewett B, Tomes C, Voigt K, Mokha GM. The effects of equipment carriage on functional movement quality among law enforcement officers. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:2277-2287. [PMID: 37026409 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2199954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Law enforcement officers (LEOs) use protective equipment to ensure safety. However, equipment carriage has been shown to impair movement quality and may increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of equipment load carriage on functional movement as measured by the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). It was hypothesised that FMS scores would be negatively impacted by equipment carriage. A counterbalanced cross-over study was utilised and a convenience sample of 31 males and one female active-duty LEOs were included. Participants completed the FMS under two conditions: with and without equipment. Significant median decreases in the equipment condition were observed for hurdle step, shoulder mobility, and rotary stability (p < .01), and deep squat and dominant limb active straight leg raise (ASLR) (p < .05). The non-dominant limb ASLR and trunk stability push-up were similar between conditions (p > .05). Load carriage appears to impair functional movement among LEOs.Practitioner summary: Equipment carriage interferes with functional movement and neither of the two load carriage systems tested were superior to the other. When choosing between duty belt verses duty belt and outer carrier vest carriage, LEO preference, body type, and acclimation to a given carriage type should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Tomes
- College of Health, Moravian University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Kristin Voigt
- College of Health, Moravian University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - G Monique Mokha
- College of Health Care Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Effects of Thermal Aging on Molar Mass of Ultra-High Molar Mass Polyethylene Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071324. [PMID: 35406198 PMCID: PMC9002805 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMMPE) is commonly used for ballistic-resistant body armor applications due to the superior strength of the fibers fabricated from this material combined with its low density. However, polymeric materials are susceptible to thermally induced degradation during storage and use, which can reduce the high strength of these fibers, and, thus, negatively impact their ballistic resistance. The objective of this work is to advance the field of lightweight and soft UHMMPE inserts used in various types of ballistic resistant-body armor via elucidating the mechanisms of chemical degradation and evaluating this chemical degradation, as well as the corresponding physical changes, of the UHMMPE fibers upon thermal aging. This is the first comprehensive study on thermally aged UHMMPE fibers that measures their decrease in the average molar mass via high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) analysis. The decrease in the molar mass was further supported by the presence of carbon-centered free radicals in the polyethylene that was detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. These carbon-centered radicals result from a cascade of thermo-oxidative reactions that ultimately induce C–C ruptures along the backbone of the polymer. Changes in the crystalline morphology of the UHMMPE fibers were also observed through wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), showing an increase in the amorphous regions, which promotes oxygen diffusion into the material, specifically through these areas. This increase in the amorphous fraction of the highly oriented polyethylene fibers has a synergistic effect with the thermo-oxidative degradation processes and contributes significantly to the decrease in their molar mass.
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da Silva DS, Sousa RM, Willardson JM, Santana H, Pinto de Castro JB, de Oliveira F, Paz GA, Miranda H. Correlation between lower limb and trunk muscle endurance with drop vertical jump in the special military forces. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 30:154-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Decker A, Hilton B, Dawes J, Lockie R, Orr RM. OUP accepted manuscript. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:960-966. [PMID: 35274122 PMCID: PMC9357344 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Decker
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
| | | | - Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Robert Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +61-468-646-027; e-mail:
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Dulla JM. Physical fitness: Differences between initial hiring to academy in law enforcement recruits who graduate or separate from academy. Work 2021; 68:1081-1090. [PMID: 33843714 DOI: 10.3233/wor-213438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement agencies often include fitness testing as part of the hiring process. However, it can be months from this testing to when a recruit starts academy. OBJECTIVE To determine fitness changes from hiring to academy in recruits who graduate (GRAD) or separate (SEP; do not complete) from academy. METHODS Analysis on recruits from one agency, split into GRAD (n = 436) and SEP (n = 78) groups, was conducted. These tests were conducted during initial hiring and academy: push-ups, sit-ups, and arm ergometer revolutions in 60 s; 75-yard pursuit run (75PR); and 2.4 km run. Data were analyzed via a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Change scores were derived between hiring and academy data for both groups, and analyzed via independent samples t-tests. RESULTS Push-ups, 75PR, arm ergometer, and 2.4 km run generally improved (p≤0.001). There were no significant between-group interactions or differences in performance changes for GRAD and SEP recruits. SEP recruits tended to have lesser fitness test performance compared to GRAD recruits. CONCLUSIONS GRAD and SEP recruits showed some fitness improvements between initial hiring through to academy. However, SEP recruits with lesser muscular endurance, running speed, and aerobic capacity during hiring did not substantially improve by academy, which likely impacted their academy survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia.,Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lockie RG, Moreno MR, Rodas KA, Dulla JM, Orr RM, Dawes JJ. With great power comes great ability: Extending research on fitness characteristics that influence work sample test battery performance in law enforcement recruits. Work 2021; 68:1069-1080. [PMID: 33867373 DOI: 10.3233/wor-213437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fitness could influence task performance in police officers. Limited research details relationships between different fitness characteristics and police-specific tasks. OBJECTIVE Determine relationships between anaerobic and aerobic capacity with police-specific task performance. METHODS Data for 308 recruits was analysed. Fitness tests included: push-ups, sit-ups, and mountain climbers (muscular endurance); pull-ups (strength); vertical jump (VJ) and 2 kg medicine ball throw (MBT; power); 75-yard pursuit run (75PR; change-of-direction speed); 201 m run (anaerobic capacity); 2.4 km run and multistage fitness test (aerobic capacity). Police tasks included: 99-yard obstacle course (99OC); 74.84 kg body drag (BD); chain link fence (CLF) and solid wall (SW) climbs; and 500-yard run (500R). Partial correlations controlling for sex and linear regression calculated relationships between fitness and job tasks. RESULTS 99OC correlated with all assessments; BD only with 75PR. CLF related to the power and aerobic capacity tests, pull-ups, and 201 m run. SW related to VJ, 75PR, pull-ups, sit-ups, 201 m run, and aerobic capacity. 500R related to all except the MBT and 2.4 km run. 75PR and VJ predicted 4/5 tasks. CONCLUSIONS Police research has shown the importance of muscular endurance and aerobic capacity. Specific to this studies' correlations, the value of power and change-of-direction speed development for task performance was indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Moreno
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Karly A Rodas
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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9
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Zwingmann L, Hoppstock M, Goldmann JP, Wahl P. The effect of physical training modality on exercise performance with police-related personal protective equipment. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 93:103371. [PMID: 33508718 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and body composition on performance and metabolic demands of men wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS 45 men were assigned to one of four groups which significantly differed in upright pull isometric strength (MVC ≤ 1325 N or ≥ 1531 N) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max ≤ 51.9 mL min-1·kg-1 or ≥ 56.0 mL min-1·kg-1): endurance-trained (low MVC, high VO2max), strength-trained (high MVC, low VO2max), endurance- and strength-trained (high MVC, high VO2max), and untrained (low MVC, low VO2max). Each participant underwent two test series consisting of a repeated 10 m dummy drag and a graded exercise test wearing either sportswear or PPE of a German riot police unit weighing 20.9 kg (statistics: two-way repeated measures ANOVA, stepwise multiple linear regressions). RESULTS With PPE, dummy drag and running performance were impaired by 14 ± 9% and 58 ± 7%. Groups with high MVC dragged the dummy significantly faster than groups with low MVC (17.5 ± 1.8 s/17.6 ± 1.4 s vs. 23.4 ± 5.6 s/22.3 ± 3.5 s). Running distance was significantly higher in groups with high VO2max (4.5 ± 0.8 km/4.4 ± 0.7 km vs. 3.1 ± 0.5 km/2.8 ± 0.5 km). Body composition variables partially correlated with performance (R ranging from -0.70 to 0.41), but were not significant predictors of the regression models in PPE. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who showed a certain degree of aerobic endurance, as well as muscle strength, performed consistently well during the test series. Therefore, none of these variables should be trained in isolation but optimized in combination to be capable in a variety of operational tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Zwingmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany; The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marco Hoppstock
- The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Goldmann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany; The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany; The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
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Lockie RG, Pope RP, Saaroni O, Dulla JM, Dawes JJ, Orr RM. Job-Specific Physical Fitness Changes Measured by the Work Sample Test Battery within Deputy Sheriffs between Training Academy and their First Patrol Assignment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1262-1274. [PMID: 33042372 PMCID: PMC7523909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deputy Sheriffs need to exhibit job-specific fitness throughout their occupational lifespan. This study evaluated job-specific fitness changes measured by the Work Sample Test Battery (WSTB) in deputy sheriffs from training academy to patrol school (refresher program completed before first patrol assignment). WSTB data for 34 deputy sheriffs (28 males, 6 females) was retrospectively analyzed. The WSTB included five tests: a 99-yard obstacle course (99OC); a 165-pound body drag (BD); 6-foot chain link fence (CLF) and solid wall (SW) climbs; and a 500-yard run (500R). WSTB task times measured at the end of academy and start of patrol school were compared by paired samples t-tests, percentage change, and effect sizes (all deputy sheriffs combined and by sex). When data for all deputy sheriffs was combined, there were significant time increases for the WSTB tasks at patrol school (p ≤ 0.009; d = 0.45-1.67), except for the BD (p < 0.001; d = 0.80). Male deputy sheriffs exhibited the same changes (p ≤ 0.042, d = 0.40-2.37), with very large CLF and SW decrements (34-83%). Females experienced a significant decline in the 99OC (p = 0.013; d = 0.79), and non-significant declines in all other tasks (p ≤ 0.324; d = 0.50-0.96). Apart from the BD for male deputy sheriffs, job-specific fitness measured by the WSTB declined when deputy sheriffs went on their first patrol assignment. The ability to perform obstacle clearance (CLF, SW) and foot pursuit tasks (99OC, 500R) was particularly reduced. Intervention strategies to aid job-specific fitness maintenance is recommended for deputy sheriffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University- Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Rodney P Pope
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury- Wodonga, NSW, AUSTRALIA
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
| | - Olivia Saaroni
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
- Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
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11
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Schram B, Orr R, Hinton B, Norris G, Pope R. The effects of body armour on mobility and postural control of police officers. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:190-194. [PMID: 32825987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Police officer use of Individual Light Armour Vests (ILAVs) is increasing due to potential occupational hazards that include blunt trauma, stabbing, and light calibre bullets. It is unclear how addition of this extra load will affect the officer's mobility or postural control. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the effects of various ILAVs on the mobility and postural control of police officers when compared to wearing their normal station wear. METHODS A prospective, within-subjects, repeated measures study was conducted in which officers wore one of three different ILAV variants or normal station wear (N) and acted as their own controls. Officer mobility was assessed via the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and postural sway (including total sway, average sway velocity, medial-lateral velocity, anterior-posterior velocity, and total excursion area) via force plate. RESULTS Significant differences were found between ILAV or N conditions in various components of the FMS, including right Straight Leg Raise, left shoulder mobility, and both right and left quad rotary stability. No significant differences were found in any of the balance measures between these conditions. CONCLUSION It appears ILAVs can significantly affect police officer mobility and therefore may contribute to injury risk and decreased ability to complete occupational tasks, though this should be weighed against protective benefits. ILAVs should therefore be carefully selected to minimise injury risk without detracting from occupational performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Schram
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Science & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4229, Australia.
| | - Robin Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Science & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4229, Australia.
| | - Ben Hinton
- Health and Fitness Unit, New South Wales Police Force, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Geoff Norris
- Operational Safety and Skills Command, Health and Fitness Unit, New South Wales Police Force, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Rodney Pope
- Tactical Research Unit &, School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2640, Australia.
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Sekulic D, Foretic N, Gilic B, Esco MR, Hammami R, Uljevic O, Versic S, Spasic M. Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183246. [PMID: 31487901 PMCID: PMC6766010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-testing reliability of newly developed tests of the change of direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RAG) in competitive futsal players. Additionally, the developed tests were evaluated for their validity with regard to the differentiation of two performance-levels. Thirty-two professional male futsal players (age = 26.22 ± 5.22 years; body height = 182.13 ± 5.99 cm, body mass = 77.43 ± 8.00 kg) participated in the study. The sample was divided into two groups based on their level of futsal performance: A top-level-group (n = 12) and a team-level-group (n = 20). The variables included body height, mass, body mass index, a sprint over a 10-m distance (S10M), and eight newly developed futsal specific CODS and RAG tests. The CODS and RAG tests were performed by dribbling the balls (CODS_D and RAG_D) and without dribbling (CODS_T and RAG_T), and the performances on the dominant and non-dominant sides were observed separately. All CODS, and RAG tests performed on dominant side and RAG_T tests performed on the non-dominant side had good inter-testing (CV = 5–8%; ICC = 0.76–0.89) and intra-testing (CV = 4–9%; ICC = 0.77–0.91) reliability. However, RAG_D performed on the non-dominant side was not reliable (ICC = 0.60, CV = 10%). The top-level-players outperformed the team-level-players in the CODS and RAG tests that involved dribbling (t-test: 4.28 and 2.40, p < 0.05; effect sizes (ES): 0.81 and 1.5, respectively), while the team-level players achieved better results in the CODS_T (t-test: 2.08, p < 0.05; ES: 0.60). The proposed CODS and RAG tests that involved dribbling over a 3.2-m distance, especially on the dominant side, appeared to be reliable, as well as valid for distinguishing the performance level in futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Sekulic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Foretic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Barbara Gilic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Michael R Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Research Unit, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Ognjen Uljevic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Sime Versic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Miodrag Spasic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, 21000 Split, Croatia.
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Abstract
Police officers may be required to discharge their weapon under physical duress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between fitness and marksmanship to facilitate future strategies to improve marksmanship. Retrospective data were provided for thirty-four police officers (mean age = 40.48 ± 6.66 years: mean weight = 100.60 ± 19.82 kg: mean height = 180.42 ± 6.87 cm) from a US-based law enforcement agency. Data included four different fitness measures and three different shooting scenarios. No significant relationship was observed between the three different shooting scenarios. There was a significant relationship between shuttle run and static shoot (r = 0.528, p = 0.002), grip strength and the dynamic scenario (r = −0.367, p = 0.035) and leg strength and the positive identification scenario (r = 0.344, p = 0.050). This study demonstrated that a high variety of fitness training and marksmanship practice, under various occupational scenarios, may be required to ensure optimal police shooting accuracy whilst in the field.
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Time Spent Working in Custody Influences Work Sample Test Battery Performance of Deputy Sheriffs Compared to Recruits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071108. [PMID: 30925681 PMCID: PMC6479743 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the influence of years spent working in custody on fitness measured by a state-specific testing battery (Work Sample Test Battery; WSTB) in deputy sheriffs. Retrospective analysis was conducted on one patrol school class (51 males, 13 females) divided into three groups depending on time spent working in custody: DS24 (<24 months; n = 20); DS2547 (25⁻47 months; n = 23); and DS48+ (≥48 months; n = 21). These groups were compared to a recruit class (REC; 219 males, 34 females) in the WSTB, which comprised five tasks completed for time: 99-yard (90.53-m) obstacle course (99OC); 165-pound (75-kg) dummy drag; six-foot (1.83-m) chain link fence (CLF) and solid wall (SW) climb; and 500-yard (457.2-m) run (500R). A univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) (controlling for sex and age) with Bonferroni post hoc determined significant between-group differences. DS48+ were slower in the 99OC compared to the REC (p = 0.007) and performed the CLF and SW slower than all groups (p ≤ 0.012). DS24, DS2547, and DS48+ were all slower than REC in the 500R (p ≤ 0.002). Physical training should be implemented to maintain fitness and job-specific task performance in deputy sheriffs working custody, especially considering the sedentary nature of this work.
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Physical Fitness Characteristics That Relate to Work Sample Test Battery Performance in Law Enforcement Recruits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112477. [PMID: 30404195 PMCID: PMC6266286 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study determined relationships between an agency-specific fitness test battery (PT500), and a work sample test battery (WSTB) in law enforcement recruits. Retrospective analysis on 219 males and 34 females from one agency was conducted. The PT500 comprised: push-ups, sit-ups, and mountain climbers in 120 s; pull-ups; and 201 m and 2.4 km runs. The WSTB comprised: 99 yard (90.53 m) obstacle course (99OC); body drag (BD) with a 165 pound (75 kg) dummy; 6 foot (1.83 m) chain link fence (CLF) and solid wall (SW) climb; and 500 yard (457.2 m) run (500R). Partial correlations, controlling for sex, calculated PT500 and WSTB relationships (p < 0.05). Stepwise regression determined whether fitness predicted WSTB performance. The 500R related to all PT500 assessments (r range = −0.127–0.574), 99OC related to all bar push-ups and mountain climbers, and BD related to none. The CLF related to sit-ups, pull-ups, and 2.4 km run; SW related to mountain climbers, pull-ups, and 2.4 km run (r range = −0.127–−0.315). Push-ups, pull-ups, and 2.4 km run were involved in predictive relationships for 99OC, CLF, SW, and 500R (r2 range = 0.217–0.500). To perform better in the WSTB and job-specific tasks, developing upper-body strength and aerobic fitness may be beneficial.
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