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Spatafora G, Li Y, He X, Cowan A, Tanner ACR. The Evolving Microbiome of Dental Caries. Microorganisms 2024; 12:121. [PMID: 38257948 PMCID: PMC10819217 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a significant oral and public health problem worldwide, especially in low-income populations. The risk of dental caries increases with frequent intake of dietary carbohydrates, including sugars, leading to increased acidity and disruption of the symbiotic diverse and complex microbial community of health. Excess acid production leads to a dysbiotic shift in the bacterial biofilm composition, demineralization of tooth structure, and cavities. Highly acidic and acid-tolerant species associated with caries include Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, and Scardovia species. The differences in microbiotas depend on tooth site, extent of carious lesions, and rate of disease progression. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics not only reveal the structure and genetic potential of the caries-associated microbiome, but, more importantly, capture the genetic makeup of the metabolically active microbiome in lesion sites. Due to its multifactorial nature, caries has been difficult to prevent. The use of topical fluoride has had a significant impact on reducing caries in clinical settings, but the approach is costly; the results are less sustainable for high-caries-risk individuals, especially children. Developing treatment regimens that specifically target S. mutans and other acidogenic bacteria, such as using nanoparticles, show promise in altering the cariogenic microbiome, thereby combatting the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Spatafora
- Biology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Yihong Li
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Xuesong He
- ADA-Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Annie Cowan
- The Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Beltrán V, Flores M, Sanzana C, Muñoz-Sepúlveda F, Alvarado E, Venegas B, Molina JC, Rueda-Velásquez S, von Marttens A. Tooth Loss and Caries Experience of Elderly Chileans in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Five Regions of Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3001. [PMID: 36833696 PMCID: PMC9967189 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Risk factors associated with tooth loss have been studied; however, the current status of the epidemiological profiles and the impact of the pandemic on the oral health of the elderly is still unknown. This study aims to determine the experience of caries and tooth loss among elderly Chilean citizens in five regions and to identify the risk factors associated with tooth loss. The sample includes 135 participants over 60 years old assessed during COVID-19 lockdown. Sociodemographic variables such as education and RSH (Social Registry of Households) were obtained through a teledentistry platform called TEGO. The history of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, depression and dental caries reported by DMFT index scores were incorporated. The statistical analysis included Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) to assess risk factors associated with the lack of functional dentition. Multivariate hypothesis testing was used to compare the mean equality of DMFT and its components between regions (p-value < 0.05). Individuals with RSH ≤ 40% were at higher risk of having no functional dentition with OR 4.56 (95% CI: 1.71, 12.17). The only mean difference between regions was the filled tooth component. Tooth loss was associated with multidimensional lower income, where the elderly belonging to the 40% most vulnerable population had a higher prevalence of non-functional dentition. This study highlights the importance of implementing a National Oral Health Policy that focuses on oral health promotion and minimally invasive dentistry for the most vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Beltrán
- Clinical Investigation and Dental Innovation Center (CIDIC), Dental School and Center for Translational Medicine (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Rehabilitation, Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Marco Flores
- Clinical Investigation and Dental Innovation Center (CIDIC), Dental School and Center for Translational Medicine (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Rehabilitation, Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Cristina Sanzana
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Rehabilitation, Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Fernanda Muñoz-Sepúlveda
- Clinical Investigation and Dental Innovation Center (CIDIC), Dental School and Center for Translational Medicine (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Program of Master in Dental Sciences, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Eloy Alvarado
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago 7630000, Chile
| | - Bernardo Venegas
- Carlos Van Buren Hospital of Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | | | - Sandra Rueda-Velásquez
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bucaramanga 680001, Colombia
| | - Alfredo von Marttens
- Department of Prosthesis, Faculty of Dentistry, Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
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Kim NH, Kawachi I. Age period cohort analysis of chewing ability in Korea from 2007 to 2018. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14660. [PMID: 34282165 PMCID: PMC8289934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been marked improvements in oral health in Korea during the past 10 years, including chewing ability. We sought to disentangle age, period, and cohort effects in chewing ability between 2007 and 2018. We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The main variable was chewing difficulty, which was assessed among participants aged 20 years and older. APC analysis revealed three trends in chewing difficulty: (1) there was an increase in chewing difficulty starting at around 60 years of age (age effect), (2) there was a steady decrease in chewing difficulty during the observation period (period effect), and (3) chewing ability improved with each successive generation born after 1951 (cohort effect). Regarding recent improvements in chewing ability, cohort effects were somewhat more important than period effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hee Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Mirae Campus, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26493, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Ha DH, Spencer AJ, Moynihan P, Thomson WM, Do LG. Excess Risk of Dental Caries from Higher Free Sugars Intake Combined with Low Exposure to Water Fluoridation. J Dent Res 2021; 100:1243-1250. [PMID: 33899569 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211007747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to quantify the excess risk of interaction between high free sugars (sugars) intake and lack of exposure to water fluoridation on child dental caries. Data from the Australian National Child Oral Health Study, a population-based survey of 24,664 children aged 5 to 14 y, were collected using parental questionnaires and oral epidemiological examinations by trained examiners. Information on socioeconomic status, dental health behaviors, and dental service use was used as covariates. The number of servings of sugars-containing foods and drinks consumed in a usual day was assessed as the main exposure, categorized into 5 groups. Residential history was used to calculate lifetime exposure to fluoridated water (LEFW), categorized as low (<25%), medium (25% to <75%), or high (75%-100%). Caries prevalence (dmfs/DMFS >0) and experience (dmfs/DMFS) in the primary (ages 5-10 y) and permanent (ages 8-14 y) dentitions were the main dependent variables. The association of sugars intake and LEFW with each outcome was estimated in multivariable log-Poisson regression models with robust standard error estimation, adjusted for covariates. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) between sugars intake and LEFW was estimated. Strong positive gradients in all outcomes were observed across sugars intake groups. Relative to the lowest intake group, the 3 highest intake groups had significantly higher adjusted prevalence ratios for having caries and higher adjusted mean ratios of caries experience in both dentitions, after controlling for all covariates. LEFW strongly and consistently attenuated the effects of all levels of sugars intake on the outcomes. RERI estimates indicated that a combination of lack of exposure to fluoridated water and high sugars intake resulted in greater excess risk of primary and permanent caries than if there was no interaction. Evidently, children with high sugars intakes and low exposure to water fluoridation are at disproportionately higher risk of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Ha
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A J Spencer
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - P Moynihan
- Adelaide Dental School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - L G Do
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Amato JN, Eskenazi EMDS, Ribeiro SB, Guerrero SLPM, Fonseca FLA, Castelo PM. Examining the Relationship between Social and School Environment and Children's Caries Experience Using Primary and Secondary Data: A Cluster Analysis. Caries Res 2021; 55:79-87. [PMID: 33601379 DOI: 10.1159/000513256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is still prevalent worldwide, even with advances in preventive and curative measures. The aim was to examine clustering patterns of socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of schools and their associations with caries experience of schoolchildren. An epidemiological survey with cross-sectional design was conducted in 2014/2015 and included 5,213 students (aged 2-11 years) from 38 public schools of Carapicuíba (SP, Brazil). Primary data consisted of dental examinations performed at schools by 6 calibrated examiners to evaluate caries experience (dmf/DMFT index). Secondary data were extracted from the last official Demographic Census (2010) and School Census (2014 and 2015) to assess the socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of the territorial units and infrastructure of each school, respectively. Cluster analysis and ANOVA were applied to identify schools with similar social and environmental aspects and children's caries experience. A logistic regression model was used to ascertain the effects of cluster variables on the likelihood that participants have caries experience, controlling for the stage of dentition and sex. Two valid and reliable clusters were identified: cluster 1 ("advantaged group"), characterized by 33 schools with the highest percentages of children without caries experience and located in regions with better socioenvironmental indicators, and cluster 2 ("least advantaged group"), characterized by 5 schools with higher percentages of children with caries experience, lower percentages of households with sanitary sewer and water supply, higher residents/household ratio and higher percentages of families living with up to 1 minimum wage. An increase in the odds of having caries experience for each percent of houses with well water and families which live with up to 1 minimum wage was observed. By using primary and secondary data, the study draws attention to the relationship between socioeconomic and environmental indicators and caries experience, identifying least advantaged regions and helping to design strategic health plans for this target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Neide Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil.,Dental Surgeons, Carapicuíba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Paula Midori Castelo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil,
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Fiorillo L, Cervino G, Herford AS, Laino L, Cicciù M. Stannous Fluoride Effects on Enamel: A Systematic Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E41. [PMID: 32878006 PMCID: PMC7559150 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a lot of talk about toothpastes with a particular chemical compound: stannous fluoride (SnF2). Its presence is currently still highly controversial, as the latter could have negative health effects. The different companies that produce toothpastes express its dosage in ppm. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to analyze all randomized clinical trials in the literature over the last 10 years and to draw clear results on the function of stannous fluoride, for this purpose the authors performed a Mann-Whitney U Test. MATERIALS The first analysis of the literature produced a number greater than 800 results, subsequently applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and following a manual analysis of the results, 26 manuscripts have been obtained. RESULTS From the results analyzed in this review, it could be shown that stannous fluoride does not present important contraindications, if not those commonly reported for fluorine. A meta-analysis on enamel loss has been conducted, it shows that SnF2 products provide better results with a p < 0.05 value. CONCLUSION This compound could have significant effects in favor of erosion and recalcification of the enamel, on the biofilm formation, gingival inflammation, and in addition, it could be an important aid in the removal of tooth stains and halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiorillo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (M.C.)
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Cervino
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Alan Scott Herford
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Luigi Laino
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Marco Cicciù
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (M.C.)
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