Teachers' Conflict-Inducing Attitudes and Their Repercussions on Students' Psychological Health and Learning Outcomes

The Drudgery of a Doctor's Disciple: Exploring the effects of Negative Role Modelling on medical students' professional development

INTRODUCTION

Role modelling is considered an essential component of teaching in various educational settings and impact students' professional development. Most studies found in the literature have explored the influence of positive role models and limited data is available about the negative role modelling. This study explores the effects of negative role modelling of teachers on the professional development of future doctors.

METHODS

A qualitative exploratory study was done in three medical colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. Fifteen, telephonic, semi-structured interviews were done with fifth-year MBBS students. A thematic analysis was done through manual coding of transcribed interviews.

RESULTS

A total of 374 codes were generated in the first cycle of coding, that was merged to 42 in the second cycle. These codes led to 4 subthemes that finally emerged as two themes. The first theme was "Students & patients: In the same boat" highlighting the damaging effects of negative role modelling. The second theme was "Taking the bad with the good" focusing on the ambivalent response of students towards the unprofessional behaviours of their role models.

CONCLUSION

Negative role modelling exponentially affects the attitude and behaviour of medical students especially in informal settings and have detrimental effects on patient care. Students lose some degree of humanism while unconsciously observing the unethical behaviours, to become a part of hospital culture whereas some students show determination to channelize their resentment to reforms.

Molecular and epidemiological characterization of human adenoviruses infection among children with acute diarrhea in Shandong Province, China

Background

Human adenovirus (HAdV) had been recognized as one of the most common enteric viruses associated with acute diarrhea in children. The present study was carried out to demonstrate the molecular and epidemiological characterization of HAdV Infections among children in Shandong province in China between July 2017 and June 2018.

Methods

Fecal specimens were collected from children under 5 years old with acute diarrhea. DNA was extracted from the stool specimens and adenovirus DNA was detected by PCR amplification with specific primers. The amplification products were subjected to electrophoresis and visualized on a UV transilluminator. All positive RT-PCR amplification products were sequenced and the obtained sequences analyzed by MEGA (version 7.0). Demographic information and clinical manifestation data were also analyzed.

Results

In total, 656 fecal specimens were collected and the overall positive rate of HAdV was 7.47%. HAdV infections were detected in all age groups, in which children aged 13–24 months presented the highest positive rate. Seasonal pattern could be observed with a peak in December, January and February. Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and fever were the main clinical manifestations, in which vomiting was the most common accompanied symptom. By phylogenetic analysis, four species (A, B, C, and F) were detected and seven different serotypes were identified. HAdV-41 (48.98%, 24/49) was the most common serotype followed by HAdV-3 (18.37%, 9/49), HAdV-31 (14.29%, 7/49), HAdV-7 (8.16%, 4/49), HAdV-40 (4.08%, 2/49), HAdV-1 (4.08%, 2/49) and HAdV-2 (2.04%, 1/49).

Conclusion

This study indicated that HAdV infection was an important cause of acute diarrhea among children under 5 years old in Shandong province. The results will contribute to (a) increase understanding of the role of HAdV in diarrheal children and enhance identification of the predominant diarrhea pathogen for diagnosis; (b) avoid abuse of antibiotics; (c) monitor the change of prevalent HAdV serotypes and promote vaccine development and vaccination.