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Arroyo-Cruz LV, Sagardía-González S, Miller K, Ling T, Rivas F, Martínez-Montemayor MM. Selective Antineoplastic Potential of Fractionated Caribbean Native Ganoderma Species Extracts on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:864. [PMID: 39065715 PMCID: PMC11279663 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 expression. It is known for its high malignancy, invasiveness, and propensity for metastasis, resulting in a poor prognosis due to the absence of beneficial therapeutic targets. Natural products derived from mushrooms have gained significant attention in neoplastic therapy due to their potential medicinal properties. The therapeutic potential of Ganoderma lucidum in breast cancer has been highlighted by our group, suggesting its use as an adjuvant treatment. The present study aims to assess the potential antineoplastic capacity of two Caribbean native Ganoderma species found in Puerto Rico, Ganoderma multiplicatum (G. multiplicatum) and Ganoderma martinicense (G. martinicense). Antiproliferative studies were conducted via cell viability assays after cultivation, harvesting, and fractionation of both species. The obtained results indicate that most of the fractions show some cytotoxicity against all cell lines, but 33% of the fractions (F1, F2, F7, F12) display selectivity towards cancer cell models. We demonstrate for the first time that native Ganoderma species can generate metabolites with anti-TNBC properties. Future avenues will focus on structure elucidation of the most active fractions of these Ganoderma extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz V. Arroyo-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00960-6032, Puerto Rico;
| | | | - Kurt Miller
- Huerto Rico, Carolina 00987, Puerto Rico; (S.S.-G.); (K.M.)
| | - Taotao Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 133 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (T.L.); (F.R.)
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 133 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (T.L.); (F.R.)
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Ramírez-Marrero FA, Nazario CM, Rosario-Rosado RV, Schelske-Santos M, Mansilla-Rivera I, Nie J, Hernández-Santiago J, Freudenheim JL. Anthropometric measures and breast cancer risk among Hispanic women in Puerto Rico. Cancer Causes Control 2022; 33:971-981. [PMID: 35507195 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer associated with anthropometric measures including Body Mass Index (BMI), adult weight gain, and waist circumference has been observed in North American and European populations, but little evidence is available for Hispanic women. Breast cancer is the leading type of cancer, and leading cause of cancer-related deaths among Hispanic women in Puerto Rico (PR). However, compared with the United States, breast cancer incidence rates are lower but increasing more rapidly. PURPOSE To examine associations between anthropometric characteristics and breast cancer risk in Hispanic women in PR. METHODS Data from a population-based case-control study in the San Juan metropolitan region (cases = 315; controls = 348) were used to examine associations between anthropometric measures and breast cancer risk, also considering menopausal status and hormone therapy (HT). RESULTS Among premenopausal participants, there was a significant trend for lower odds of breast cancer with higher BMI and borderline significant with higher waist to height ratio (WHtR). For postmenopausal participants, a significant trend for lower odds of breast cancer was observed with higher WHtR, and waist to hip ratio (WHR), borderline significant with higher BMI, and higher odds with height. Among postmenopausal participants using HT, a significant trend for lower odds of breast cancer was observed with higher waist circumference, WHtR, WHR, and body shape index. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence of anthropometric differences in relation to breast cancer risk in PR compared to previous studies. Future studies should include analyses of fat and lean mass distribution, and hormone receptor status to further understand anthropometry and breast cancer risk among Hispanic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Ramírez-Marrero
- College of Education, Physical Education and Recreation Department, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - C M Nazario
- Graduate School of Public Health, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - R V Rosario-Rosado
- Graduate School of Public Health, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - M Schelske-Santos
- Natural Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - I Mansilla-Rivera
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - J Nie
- School of Public Health and Health Professions, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J Hernández-Santiago
- Graduate School of Public Health, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - J L Freudenheim
- School of Public Health and Health Professions, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Nazario CM, Rosario-Rosado RV, Schelske-Santos M, Mansilla-Rivera I, Ramírez-Marrero FA, Nie J, Piovanetti-Fiol P, Hernández-Santiago J, Freudenheim JL. Sun Exposure Is Associated with Reduced Breast Cancer Risk among Women Living in the Caribbean: The Atabey Study in Puerto Rico. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:430-435. [PMID: 34810207 PMCID: PMC9190767 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though inconsistent, there is evidence that sun exposure is associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Previous studies have been conducted in geographical regions with seasonal variation in UV radiation, including periods of low to no exposure, and among participants mostly of European descent. Puerto Rico has no significant seasonal fluctuation, with continuous exposure to very high UV radiation. METHODS We conducted a population-based case-control study of breast cancer among women in metropolitan San Juan, Puerto Rico, examining a cumulative sun exposure index (SEI) based on a comparison of reflectance of sun-exposed and non-exposed skin. A chromameter was used to measure skin reflectance and estimate the difference between constitutive (unexposed) and facultative (exposed) skin pigmentation in 307 cases and 328 controls. Breast cancer risk factors were ascertained with interviewer-administered questionnaires. OR and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated with unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Adjusted breast cancer odds were lower for the highest tertile of the SEI (ORadj = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29-0.74). Results were similar within strata of estrogen receptor status. In analyses stratified by constitutive skin pigmentation, among participants with darker skin color, breast cancer risk was lower with more sun exposure (ORadj = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.16-0.70). CONCLUSIONS We found lower risk of breast cancer associated with greater sun exposure in a population living with high, continuous sun exposure. This beneficial finding should be placed in the context of other effects of sun exposure. IMPACT Sun exposure is a modifiable factor that may contribute, directly or indirectly, to lower breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cruz M Nazario
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Rosa V Rosario-Rosado
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Michelle Schelske-Santos
- Nutrition and Dietetics Program, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Imar Mansilla-Rivera
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Farah A Ramírez-Marrero
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, New York
| | - Paola Piovanetti-Fiol
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Johan Hernández-Santiago
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, New York
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Perinatal factors, female breast cancer, and associated risk factors in Puerto Rico: evidence from the Atabey epidemiology of breast cancer study. Cancer Causes Control 2022; 33:373-379. [PMID: 35000039 PMCID: PMC10091866 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is increasing evidence that exposures in utero and in infancy impact breast cancer risk. No previous studies have evaluated these associations among women in Puerto Rico. METHODS In a population-based case-control study of breast cancer epidemiology in the San Juan metropolitan area in Puerto Rico, we examined the association of early life factors with breast cancer risk and breast cancer risk factors. Both cases (n = 315) and controls (n = 348) completed interviewer-administered questionnaires, including self-reported birth country, birthweight, and history of having been breastfed. Comparisons of characteristics of those with and without the early life factors were made with t-tests or chi-squared tests; associations between early life factors and breast cancer risk were estimated with unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age, education, body mass index (BMI), age at menarche, parity, and menopausal status. RESULTS Women who had been breastfed tended to have higher adult body mass index (BMI), higher education, and lower parity (p < 0.05). Higher birthweight was associated with higher adult BMI and lower educational attainment (p < 0.05). Those born outside of Puerto Rico or the US were more likely to have higher educational attainment and earlier age at menarche than those born within Puerto Rico or the US (p < 0.05). We found no significant associations between any of the early life factors and breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION We did not find evidence of an association of early life factors with breast cancer risk among women in Puerto Rico.
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Quirindongo-Rivera C, Rullán-Varela V, Underill Z, Rivera M, Ortiz-Ortiz KJ, Martínez-Montemayor MM. Characterization of Inflammatory Breast Cancer in Hispanic Women from Puerto Rico. J Cancer 2022; 13:3495-3502. [PMID: 36484009 PMCID: PMC9723992 DOI: 10.7150/jca.77108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women in Puerto Rico (PR). Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is considered the most aggressive BC subtype. This study characterized the IBC population of Hispanic women living in Puerto Rico and aimed to estimate the IBC survival rate using data from the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry (PRCCR). Methods: This is a retrospective, population-based study using the PRCCR database and the Health Insurance Linkage Database (PRCCR-HILD). We analyzed data from patients that were diagnosed with IBC from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2018. Patients were identified using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd edition (ICD-O-3) site codes C50.0-C50.9 and histology code 8530. Variables such as age at diagnosis, marital status, health insurance, geographic area of residence, staging variables, tumor receptor subtypes, treatment received, and overall survival (OS) were studied. Statistical analysis methods were employed to describe the population, estimate survival curves and examine the risk of dying. Results: The data of 51 patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis of IBC in the current study was 59 years old. A total of 62.8% of patients had no metastases at diagnosis and 64.7% were diagnosed with stage III disease. Most tumors presented with ER+/PR+/Her2- (21.6%), or a triple negative (ER-/PR-/Her2-, 15.7%) tumor concordance. The OS during the first year was 66% (90% CI: 0.54-0.76), whereas 36 months post-diagnosis was at a low 39% (90% CI: 0.27-0.59). The triple-negative subtype had the worst survival at 36 months (36% [90% CI: 0.11-0.62]). This study revealed through Cox regression analysis that women with stage IV disease and those with ER-/PR- tumor subtype have a higher risk of dying (HR 4.99; [90% CI: 2.30-10.83] and HR 4.74; [90% CI: 1.88-11.95]), respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the Puerto Rican IBC patient population presents unique characteristics. This is the first research to describe the patient profile and characteristics of women diagnosed with IBC in PR. This research increases awareness about this lethal disease in PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camiled Quirindongo-Rivera
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, PR
- Public Health Program, Ponce Health Science University, Ponce, PR
| | | | | | | | - Karen J. Ortiz-Ortiz
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, PR
- Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry, San Juan, PR
| | - Michelle M. Martínez-Montemayor
- Universidad Central del Caribe-School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR
- ✉ Corresponding author: Michelle M. Martínez-Montemayor, ; Universidad Central del Caribe - School of Medicine, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, 00960
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