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Xu P, Liu B, Chen H, Wang H, Guo X, Yuan J. PAHs as environmental pollutants and their neurotoxic effects. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 283:109975. [PMID: 38972621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are widely present in incompletely combusted air particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), tobacco and other organic materials, can enter the human body through various routes and are a class of environmental pollutants with neurotoxic effects. PAHs exposure can lead to abnormal development of the nervous system and neurobehavioral abnormalities in animals, including adverse effects on the nervous system of children and adults, such as a reduced learning ability, intellectual decline, and neural tube defects. After PAHs enter cells of the nervous system, they eventually lead to nervous system damage through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, DNA methylation and demethylation, and mitochondrial autophagy, potentially leading to a series of nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, preventing and treating neurological diseases caused by PAHs exposure are particularly important. From the perspective of the in vitro and in vivo effects of PAHs exposure, as well as its effects on human neurodevelopment, this paper reviews the toxic mechanisms of action of PAHs and the corresponding prevention and treatment methods to provide a relevant theoretical basis for preventing the neurotoxicity caused by PAHs, thereby reducing the incidence of diseases related to the nervous system and protecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bingchun Liu
- Stem Cell Laboratory / Central Laboratory Of Organ Transplantation / Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Engineering Laboratory For Genetic Test And Research Of Tumor Cells, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huizeng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jianlong Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
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2
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Bevan R, Levy L. Biomonitoring for workplace exposure to copper and its compounds is currently not interpretable. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 258:114358. [PMID: 38531293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This paper sets out to explore the requirements needed to recommend a useable and reliable biomonitoring system for occupational exposure to copper and its inorganic compounds. Whilst workplace environmental monitoring of copper is used to measure ambient air concentrations for comparison against occupational exposure limits, biological monitoring could provide complementary information about the internal dose of workers, taking into account intra-individual variability and exposure from all routes. For biomonitoring to be of reliable use for copper, a biomarker and the analytical ability to measure it with sufficient sensitivity must be identified and this is discussed in a range of matrices. In addition, there needs to be a clear understanding of the dose-response relationship of the biomarker with any health-effect (clinical or sub-clinical) or, between the level of external exposure (by any route) and the level of the copper biomarker in the biological matrix being sampled, together with a knowledge of the half-life in the body to determine accurate sampling times. For many biologically non-essential metals the requirements for reliable biomarkers can be met, however, for 'essential' metals such as copper that are under homeostatic control, the relationship between exposure (short- or long-term) and the level of any copper biomarker in the blood or urine is complex, which may limit the use and interpretation of measured levels. There are a number of types of biomarker guidance values currently in use which are discussed in this paper, but no values have yet been determined for copper (or its inorganic compounds) due to the complexity of its essential nature; the US The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has however indicated that it is considering the development of a biological exposure index for copper and its compounds. In light of this, we present a review of the reliability of current copper biomarkers and their potential use in the occupational context to evaluate whether there is value in carrying out human biomonitoring for copper exposure. Based on the available evidence we have concluded that the reliable use of biomonitoring of occupational exposure to copper and its application in risk assessment is not possible at the present time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Bevan
- IEH Consulting Ltd., Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Len Levy
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom.
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3
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Fu Y, Li X, Pan B, Niu Y, Zhang B, Zhao X, Nie J, Yang J. Effects of H19/SAHH/DNMT1 on the oxidative DNA damage related to benzo[a]pyrene exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11706-11718. [PMID: 36098921 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 binding to S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) interacted with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and then regulated DNA damage caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remain unclear. A total of 146 occupational workers in a Chinese coke-oven plant in 2014 were included in the final analyses. We used high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) equipped to detect urine biomarkers of PAHs exposure, including 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU), 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (9-PHE) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). The levels of SAM and SAH in plasma were detected by HPLC-ultraviolet. By constructing various BEAS-2B cell models exposed to 16 μM benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) for 24 h, toxicological parameters reflecting distinct mechanisms were evaluated. We documented that urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels were positively associated with blood H19 RNA expression (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.03-2.19), but opposite to plasma SAHH activity (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41-0.98) in coke oven workers. Moreover, by constructing various BEAS-2B cell models exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), we investigated that H19 binding to SAHH exaggerated DNMT1 expressions and activity. Suppression of H19 enhanced the interaction of SAHH and DNMT1 in BaP-treated cells, decreased eight-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) methylation, reduced oxidative DNA damage and lessened S phase arrest. However, SAHH or DNMT1 single knockdown and SAHH/DNMT1 double knockdown showed the opposite trend. A H19/SAHH/DNMT1 axis was involved in OGG1 methylation, oxidative DNA damage and cell cycle arrest by carcinogen BaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China
| | - Baolong Pan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- General Hospital of Taiyuan Iron & Steel (Group) Co., Ltd, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yingying Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jisheng Nie
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China.
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4
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Berumen-Rodríguez AA, Alcántara-Quintana LE, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Zamora-Mendoza BN, Díaz de León-Martínez L, Díaz Barriga F, Flores-Ramírez R. Assessment of inflammatory cytokines in exhaled breath condensate and exposure to mixtures of organic pollutants in brick workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13270-13282. [PMID: 36129651 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brick production causes a lot of pollution in the form of dust, fumes, and toxic substances. Therefore, brick workers are highly exposed to pollutants and present a high risk of developing respiratory diseases. The objective of this research was to determine the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toluene in urine and evaluate the effects on health using markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as well as the exposure to pollutants in suspended particles of the studied area. Exposure to PAHs and toluene was evaluated using hydroxylated markers (OH) of PAHs and hippuric acid in urine, respectively. Cytokines like TNF-α, INF-y, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 y GMCSF in EBC were also evaluated. PM2.5 particles were measured during an 8-h work shift. The results in brick workers presented a total OH-PAHs concentration of 97.3 µg/L and hippuric acid concentration of 0.2 g/L. The environmental concentrations of suspended particles were found within a range of 41.67-3541.6 μg/m3. The median of cytokines oscillated between 11.8 pg/mL to 1041 pg/mL. In conclusion, these results are similar to those of occupations in which there is high exposure to pollutants and populations with lung diseases. For that reason, the brick production sector requires prevention and control strategies against the pollutants emitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Abigail Berumen-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Luz Eugenia Alcántara-Quintana
- Unidad de Innovación en Diagnóstico Celular Y Molecular. Coordinación Para La Innovación Y La Aplicación de La Ciencia Y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Av, Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a sección, 78120, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación Para La Innovación Y Aplicación de La Ciencia Y La Tecnología (CIACYT), Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Blanca Nohemí Zamora-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Fernando Díaz Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación Para La Innovación Y Aplicación de La Ciencia Y La Tecnología (CIACYT), Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México.
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Tavares AM, Viegas S, Louro H, Göen T, Santonen T, Luijten M, Kortenkamp A, Silva MJ. Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium, Nickel and PAHs: A Mixtures Risk Assessment Approach Based on Literature Exposure Data from European Countries. TOXICS 2022; 10:431. [PMID: 36006111 PMCID: PMC9414170 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), nickel (Ni) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are genotoxic co-occurring lung carcinogens whose occupational health risk is still understudied. This study, conducted within the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU), aimed at performing a mixtures risk assessment (MRA) based on published human biomonitoring (HBM) data from Cr(VI), Ni and/or PAHs occupational co-exposure in Europe. After data extraction, Risk Quotient (RQ) and Sum of Risk Quotients (SRQ) were calculated for binary and ternary mixtures to characterise the risk. Most selected articles measured urinary levels of Cr and Ni and a SRQ > 1 was obtained for co-exposure levels in welding activities, showing that there is concern regarding co-exposure to these substances. Similarly, co-exposure to mixtures of Cr(VI), Ni and PAHs in waste incineration settings resulted in SRQ > 1. In some studies, a low risk was estimated based on the single substances’ exposure level (RQ < 1), but the mixture was considered of concern (SRQ > 1), highlighting the relevance of considering exposure to the mixture rather than to its single components. Overall, this study points out the need of using a MRA based on HBM data as a more realistic approach to assess and manage the risk at the workplace, in order to protect workers’ health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Tavares
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.M.T.); (H.L.)
- ToxOmics–Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Viegas
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.M.T.); (H.L.)
- ToxOmics–Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine (IPASUM), University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Tiina Santonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, London UB8 3PH, UK;
| | - Maria João Silva
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.M.T.); (H.L.)
- ToxOmics–Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Panjali Z, Abdolmaleki P, Hajipour-Verdom B, Hahad O, Zendehdel R. Lung cell toxicity of co-exposure to airborne particulate matter and extremely low-frequency magnetic field. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:370-379. [PMID: 35608272 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2082342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the toxic effects of urban airborne particulate matter (PM) have been known on lung cells, there is less attention to co-exposure to PM and extremely low frequency magnetic (ELF-MF) in occupational settings. The present study investigated the influences of PM and ELF-MF co-exposure on toxicity in human lung cells (A549).In this case, total PM (TPM) was evaluated according to NIOSH-0500. The TPM SiO2 and metal contents were determined based on NIOSH-7602 and 7302, respectively. Besides, 900 mG ELF-MF exposure was simulated based on field measurements. The toxicity mechanisms were assessed by examining malondialdehyde, glutathione ratio, gene expression, and DNA strand breaks. Also, the toxicity indicators of the TPM samples were MDA generation, glutathione depletion, and DNA damage, and their impacts were analysed at doses below the LD50 (4 µg).In addition, gene expression of OGG1 and MTH1 was upregulated after TPM exposure at the lowest dose (2 µg). But ITPA was upregulated in the presence of ELF-MF. The co-exposure to TPM and ELF-MF decreased oxidative stress and DNA damage levels compared to a single exposure to TPM.Although the ELF-MF reduced toxicity in response to TPM, this reduction was not lower than the unexposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Panjali
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Medical Engineering, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Hajipour-Verdom
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rezvan Zendehdel
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Pautasso L, Montlevier S, Maitre A, Persoons R. Surveillance biologique de l’exposition aux métaux et HAP en métallurgie et recommandations de prévention. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Panjali Z, Hahad O, Rajabi F, Maddah S, Zendehdel R. Occupational exposure to metal-rich particulate matter modifies the expression of repair genes in foundry workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:504-512. [PMID: 34247554 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211021202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foundry workers are exposed to numerous occupational health hazards, which may result in increased risk of cancer, respiratory disease, and other diseases. Oxidative stress is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of such diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the association between multiple occupational exposures in foundry workers and expression of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair genes as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. The study sample comprised 17 foundry workers and 27 matched control subjects. Expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1), inosine triphosphate pyrophosphate (ITPA), and MutT homolog 1 (MTH1) in peripheral blood was examined using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Air sampling to determine exposure to metal-rich particulate matter and measurement of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) were conducted according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health standard methods. Personal air sampling revealed that occupational exposure to particulate matter exceeded the threshold limit values (TLVs) in 76% of the workstations, whereas ELF-EMF exposure appeared to be lower than the TLV. ITPA was significantly upregulated in foundry workers compared with control subjects, whereas no significant difference was observed for OGG1 and MTH1. Moreover, ITPA was strongly and positively correlated with the concentration of metal-rich particulate matter in foundry workers. No significant correlation was found between ELF-EMF exposure and expression of DNA repair genes. DNA repair gene expression may be a sensitive biomarker for occupational exposures, which suggests an involvement of oxidative stress in metal-induced toxicity. Further studies are needed to determine the role of DNA repair gene expression in response to occupational/environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Panjali
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Health and Medical Engineering, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Rajabi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Maddah
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Health and Medical Engineering, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Zendehdel
- Environmental and Occupational Hazard Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Freire BM, Gonzaga RG, Pedron T, Monteiro LR, Lange CN, Pedreira Filho WDR, Batista BL. Occupational exposure to potentially toxic elements in the foundry industry: an integrated environmental and biological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34630-34641. [PMID: 33650056 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial foundry processes release metal dust and fumes into the environment. Our study evaluated the exposure to potentially toxic elements in foundry workers. The assessed samples consisted of air particulate matter (n = 42), urine (n = 194), and blood (n = 167). Six workers had high concentrations of arsenic (As) in urine and one of them had a high cadmium (Cd) content in blood, according to Biological Exposure Index from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The work task significantly influenced the concentrations of cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in air, barium (Ba) in urine, and lead (Pb) and cesium (Cs) in blood, while the employment years affected concentrations of Mn, tin (Sn), and uranium (U) in urine and iodine (I) in blood. Arsenic, Pb, Co, and Cd in particulate matter and biological matrices presented significant covariation by working activity, supporting the occupational exposure. In this study, subjects were occupationally exposed to multiple potentially toxic elements. Carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks were associated with As, Co, Ni, and Mn exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Moreira Freire
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Granja Gonzaga
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Pedron
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucilena Rebelo Monteiro
- Ipen/CNEN-SP, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Neves Lange
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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10
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Díaz de León-Martínez L, Flores-Ramírez R, Rodriguez-Aguilar M, Berumen-Rodríguez A, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Díaz-Barriga F. Analysis of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precarious workers of highly exposed occupational scenarios in Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23087-23098. [PMID: 33442806 PMCID: PMC7806253 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a risk factor for human health. Workers are a vulnerable group due to their high exposure and therefore require special attention to mitigation measurements; however, some groups of workers are especially vulnerable, precarious workers. The objective of this research was to evaluate mixtures of hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in precarious workers in Mexico. The following activities were evaluated: (i) brickmakers (TER), stonemasons (ESC), indigenous workers (TOC) and mercury miners (CAM). Ten OH-PAHS were analyzed: 1-hydroxynaphtalene and 2-hydroxynaphtalene; 2-,3- and 9-hydroxyfluorene; 1-,2-,3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene; and 1-hydroxypyrene in urine by GC-MS, chemical fingerprints of the sites were established by multivariate analysis. One hundred forty-nine precarious workers participated in the study. The populations presented total OH-PAHs concentrations of 9.20 (6.65-97.57), 14.8 (9.32-18.85), 15.7 (6.92-195.0), and 101.2 (8.02-134.4) μg/L for CAM, ESC, TER, and TOC, respectively (median (IQR)). The results of the multivariate analysis indicate that the indigenous population presented a different fingerprint compared to the three scenarios. The chemical fingerprints among the brickmakers and mercury mining population were similar. The results of the concentrations were similar and in some metabolites higher than workers in occupations classified as carcinogenic by the IARC; therefore, the control of exposure in these occupations acquires great importance and surveillance through biological monitoring of OH-PAHs should be applied to better estimate exposure in these working populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México.
| | | | - Alejandra Berumen-Rodríguez
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Vázquez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
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Freire BM, Lange CN, Pedron T, Monteiro LR, Sanches LR, Dos Reis Pedreira-Filho W, Batista BL. Occupational exposure of foundry workers assessed by the urinary concentrations of 18 elements and arsenic species. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126593. [PMID: 32599537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some raw materials applied in Fe foundry industries may contain potentially toxic elements. Thus, foundry worker's occupational exposure is a constant health concern. METHOD In this study, 194 urine samples from foundry workers were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for biomonitoring of Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Se, U and Zn. Moreover, arsenic speciation was performed in representative samples of production sector workers (group A) and administration sector workers (group B). RESULTS Concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cs, I, Sb in urines from group A were higher than those found for group B. Samples of group A presented Cs, Ni, Mn, Pb, U and Zn concentrations higher than values reported for exposed workers assessed by other studies. Forty-four samples from group A exceed As-reference limits. Group A had approximately seven times more inorganic As (as arsenite) and 14 times more organic As (as dimethyl As) than group B. A statistically significant difference was observed in the elemental concentration in the workers' urine by the time in the function. Moreover, alcohol consumption is probably influencing the urine concentration of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, I, Se and Zn. CONCLUSION The monitored foundry workers are exposed to potentially toxic elements and more attention must be given to their health. Therefore, workplace safety conditions must be improved, and constant biomonitoring is necessary to ensure workers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Moreira Freire
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Neves Lange
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Pedron
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucilena Rebelo Monteiro
- Centro de Quimica e Meio Ambiente, Ipen/CNEN-SP - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia Rentas Sanches
- Química Especial Medicina Diagnóstica e Preventiva, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.
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