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Antonio J, Evans C, Ferrando AA, Stout JR, Antonio B, Cinteo H, Harty P, Arent SM, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Kerksick CM, Pereira F, Gonzalez D, Kreider RB. Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2341903. [PMID: 38626029 PMCID: PMC11022925 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2341903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation often refers to increasing the intake of this particular macronutrient through dietary supplements in the form of powders, ready-to-drink shakes, and bars. The primary purpose of protein supplementation is to augment dietary protein intake, aiding individuals in meeting their protein requirements, especially when it may be challenging to do so through regular food (i.e. chicken, beef, fish, pork, etc.) sources alone. A large body of evidence shows that protein has an important role in exercising and sedentary individuals. A PubMed search of "protein and exercise performance" reveals thousands of publications. Despite the considerable volume of evidence, it is somewhat surprising that several persistent questions and misconceptions about protein exist. The following are addressed: 1) Is protein harmful to your kidneys? 2) Does consuming "excess" protein increase fat mass? 3) Can dietary protein have a harmful effect on bone health? 4) Can vegans and vegetarians consume enough protein to support training adaptations? 5) Is cheese or peanut butter a good protein source? 6) Does consuming meat (i.e., animal protein) cause unfavorable health outcomes? 7) Do you need protein if you are not physically active? 8) Do you need to consume protein ≤ 1 hour following resistance training sessions to create an anabolic environment in skeletal muscle? 9) Do endurance athletes need additional protein? 10) Does one need protein supplements to meet the daily requirements of exercise-trained individuals? 11) Is there a limit to how much protein one can consume in a single meal? To address these questions, we have conducted a thorough scientific assessment of the literature concerning protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Harry Cinteo
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Harty
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, Canada
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Flavia Pereira
- Keiser University, Exercise and Sport Science, West Palm Beach Flagship Campus, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
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Warneke K, Keiner M, Behm DG, Wirth K, Kaufmann M, Sproll M, Konrad A, Wallot S, Hillebrecht M. Can isometric testing substitute for the one repetition maximum squat test? Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05554-8. [PMID: 39098977 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
When measuring maximum strength, a high accuracy and precision is required to monitor the training adaptations. Based on available reliability parameters, the literature suggests the replacement of the one repetition maximum (1RM) by isometric testing to save testing time. However, from a statistical point of view, correlation coefficients do not provide the required information when aiming to replace one test by another. Therefore, the literature suggests the inclusion of the mean absolute error (MAE), the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for agreement analysis. Consequently, to check the replaceability of 1RM testing methods, the current study examined the agreement of isometric and dynamic testing methods in the squat and the isometric mid-thigh pull. While in accordance with the literature, correlations were classified high r = 0.638-0.828 and ICC = 0.630-0.828, the agreement analysis provided MAEs of 175.75-444.17 N and MAPEs of 16.16-57.71% indicating an intolerable high measurement error between isometric and dynamic testing conditions in the squat and isometric mid-thigh pull. In contrast to previous studies, using MAE, MAPE supplemented by CCC and BA analysis highlights the poor agreement between the included strength tests. The recommendation to replace 1RM testing with isometric testing routines in the squat does not provide suitable concordance and is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Keiner
- Institute of Exercise Science, German University of Sport and Health, Ismaning, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Institute of Exercise Science, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Sproll
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schuller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wallot
- Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Goldman DM, Warbeck CB, Karlsen MC. Protein and Leucine Requirements for Maximal Muscular Development and Athletic Performance Are Achieved with Completely Plant-Based Diets Modeled to Meet Energy Needs in Adult Male Rugby Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:186. [PMID: 39058077 PMCID: PMC11281145 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rugby athletes consume large amounts of animal protein in accordance with conventional dietary guidance to increase muscle mass and strength. This misaligns with national dietary guidelines, which suggest limiting meat consumption for chronic disease prevention. The ability of completely plant-based diets to satisfy the nutritional needs of rugby players has not been explored. This study scaled nutrient data from a large population consuming completely plant-based diets with limited supplemental protein to meet the calorie requirements of adult male rugby athletes to assess whether protein and leucine recommendations for muscular development and athletic performance would be achieved. Calorie requirements were estimated from research that employed the doubly labeled water method, and dietary data from the Adventist Health Study-2 were scaled to this level. The modeled protein level was 1.68 g/kg/day, which meets recommendations for maximal gains in muscle mass, strength, and athletic performance. The modeled leucine level was 2.9 g/meal for four daily meals, which exceeds the threshold proposed to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis in young men. These results indicate that consuming large portions of completely plant-based meals can satisfy protein and leucine requirements for maximal muscular development and athletic performance in adult male rugby athletes while aligning with public health recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Goldman
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Research and Development, Metabite Inc., New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Cassandra B. Warbeck
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Micaela C. Karlsen
- Department of Research, American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, MO 63006, USA;
- Departments of Applied Nutrition and Global Public Health, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
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Singh RG, Guérin-Deremaux L, Lefranc-Millot C, Perreau C, Crowley DC, Lewis ED, Evans M, Moulin M. Efficacy of Pea Protein Supplementation in Combination with a Resistance Training Program on Muscle Performance in a Sedentary Adult Population: A Randomized, Comparator-Controlled, Parallel Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:2017. [PMID: 38999765 PMCID: PMC11243455 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal-sourced whey protein (WPr) is the most popular protein supplement among consumers and has been shown to improve muscle mass and strength. However, due to allergies, dietary restrictions/personal choices, and growing demand, alternative protein sources are warranted. Sedentary adults were randomized to pea protein (PPr) or WPr in combination with a weekly resistance training program for 84 days. Changes in whole-body muscle strength (WBMS) including handgrip, lower body, and upper body strength, body composition, and product perception were assessed. The safety outcomes included adverse events, vital signs, clinical chemistry, and hematology. There were no significant differences in the change in WBMS, muscle mass, or product perception and likability scores between the PPr and WPr groups. The participants supplemented with PPr had a 16.1% improvement in WBMS following 84 days of supplementation (p = 0.01), while those taking WPr had an improvement of 11.1% (p = 0.06). Both study products were safe and well-tolerated in the enrolled population. Eighty-four days of PPr supplementation resulted in improvements in strength and muscle mass comparable to WPr when combined with a resistance training program in a population of healthy sedentary adults. PPr may be considered as a viable alternative to animal-sourced WPr without sacrificing muscular gains and product enjoyment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Malkanthi Evans
- KGK Science Inc., London, ON N6B 3L1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Marc Moulin
- KGK Science Inc., London, ON N6B 3L1, Canada
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Goldman DM, Warbeck CB, Karlsen MC. Protein Requirements for Maximal Muscle Mass and Athletic Performance Are Achieved with Completely Plant-Based Diets Scaled to Meet Energy Needs: A Modeling Study in Professional American Football Players. Nutrients 2024; 16:1903. [PMID: 38931258 PMCID: PMC11206900 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
American football players consume large quantities of animal-sourced protein in adherence with traditional recommendations to maximize muscle development and athletic performance. This contrasts with dietary guidelines, which recommend reducing meat intake and increasing consumption of plant-based foods to promote health and reduce the risk of chronic disease. The capacity of completely plant-based diets to meet the nutritional needs of American football players has not been studied. This modeling study scaled dietary data from a large cohort following completely plant-based diets to meet the energy requirements of professional American football players to determine whether protein, leucine, and micronutrient needs for physical performance and health were met. The Cunningham equation was used to estimate calorie requirements. Nutrient intakes from the Adventist Health Study 2 were then scaled to this calorie level. Protein values ranged from 1.6-2.2 g/kg/day and leucine values ranged from 3.8-4.1 g/meal at each of four daily meals, therefore meeting and exceeding levels theorized to maximize muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle protein synthesis, respectively. Plant-based diets scaled to meet the energy needs of professional American football players satisfied protein, leucine, and micronutrient requirements for muscle development and athletic performance. These findings suggest that completely plant-based diets could bridge the gap between dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention and athletic performance in American football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Goldman
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Research and Development, Metabite Inc., New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Cassandra B. Warbeck
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Micaela C. Karlsen
- Department of Research, American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, MO 63006, USA;
- Departments of Applied Nutrition and Global Public Health, Adjunct Faculty, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
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6
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Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt K. Plant-Based Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids in Food Products Dedicated for Sportspeople-A Narrative Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2024; 16:1706. [PMID: 38892638 PMCID: PMC11175001 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant proteins are increasingly seen as critical nutrient sources for both amateur and professional athletes. The aim of the presented study was to review the inventions and experimental articles referring to the application of plant-based proteins, peptides and amino acids in food products dedicated to sportspeople and published in the period 2014-2023. The literature search was conducted according to PRISMA statementsacross several key databases, including Scopus and ISI Web of Science. Altogether, 106 patents and 35 original articles were found. The survey of patents and inventions described in the articles showed the use of 52 taxa (mainly annual herbaceous plants), creating edible seeds and representing mainly the families Fabaceae and Poaceae. The majority of inventions were developed by research teams numbering from two to five scientists, affiliated in China, The United States of America and Japan. The greatest number of inventions applied plant-based proteins (especially protein isolates), declared the nutritional activity and were prepared in liquid or solid consistency. According to the reviewed studies, the intake of soybean and potato proteins might provide better results than animal-based protein (excluding resistance training), whereas the consumption of pea and rice protein does not possess any unique anabolic properties over whey protein. The analysis of other investigations demonstrated the varied acceptability and consumption of food products, while the high rating of the tested food products presented in four articles seems to be an effect of their sensual values, as well as other elements, such as production method, health benefits and cost-effectiveness. Considering the great potential of useful plant species, it might be concluded that future investigations focusing on searching for novel plant protein sources, suitable for the preparation of food products dedicated to amateur and professional sportspeople, remain of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt
- Department of Tourism Geography and Ecology, Institute of Tourism, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
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Craddock JC, Wakefield A, Peoples GE, Goldman DM, Larkin TA. Acute Effects of Dairy or Soy Milk on Sex Hormones Following Resistance Exercise in Males: A Randomized, Crossover Pilot Trial. Cureus 2024; 16:e59972. [PMID: 38854281 PMCID: PMC11162160 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistance exercise training (RET) can increase muscle mass and strength, and this adaptation is optimized when dietary protein is consumed to enhance muscle protein synthesis. Dairy milk has been endorsed for this purpose; however, allergy and lactose intolerance affect two-thirds of the global population making dairy milk unsuitable for many. Plant-based alternatives such as soy milk have gained popularity and exhibit comparable protein content. However, concerns regarding soy phytoestrogens potentially influencing circulating sex hormones and diminishing the anabolic response to RET have been raised. This study therefore aimed to assess the acute effects of dairy and soy milk consumption on circulating sex hormones (total, free testosterone, free testosterone percentage, total estrogen, progesterone, and sex hormone binding globulin) after RET. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six male participants were recruited for a double-blinded, randomized crossover study with either dairy or soy milk provided post RET. Venous samples were collected before and after milk consumption across seven timepoints (0-120 minutes) where circulating sex hormones were analyzed. Two-way ANOVA analyses were applied for repeated measures for each hormone. The area under the curve (AUC) was also calculated between dairy and soy milk. Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in acute circulating serum for free (p=0.95), % free (p=0.56), and total testosterone (p=0.88), progesterone (p=0.67), or estrogen (p=0.21) between milk conditions. Likewise, no significant differences in AUC were observed between any hormones. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that consumption of dairy milk and soy milk have comparable acute effects on circulating sex hormones following RET. Further investigations with expanded sample sizes are needed to strengthen and broaden these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Craddock
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUS
| | - Amelia Wakefield
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUS
| | - Gregory E Peoples
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUS
| | - David M Goldman
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN
- Research and Development, Metabite, Inc., New York, USA
| | - Theresa A Larkin
- Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUS
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Goldman DM, Warbeck CB, Karlsen MC. Completely Plant-Based Diets That Meet Energy Requirements for Resistance Training Can Supply Enough Protein and Leucine to Maximize Hypertrophy and Strength in Male Bodybuilders: A Modeling Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1122. [PMID: 38674813 PMCID: PMC11054926 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing awareness of plant-based diets for health and athletic performance, athletes are cautioned that careful dietary monitoring is necessary. Whether commonly consumed plant-based diets are nutritionally adequate for maximal muscular hypertrophy remains unknown. This modeling study assessed the nutrient composition of completely plant-based diets scaled to the caloric demands of maximal muscle mass and strength development in adult male bodybuilders. To model calorie requirements, anthropometric data from bodybuilders were input into the Tinsley resting metabolic rate prediction equation, and an appropriate physical activity factor and calorie surplus were applied. Dietary data from a large cohort following completely plant-based diets were then scaled to meet these needs. Modeled intakes for nutrients of interest were calculated as 1.8 g/kg/day of protein and 2.75 g/meal of leucine, which surpass mean requirements for maximal increases in muscle mass and strength and muscle protein synthesis, respectively. Daily levels for all micronutrients, except vitamin D, also exceeded requirements. Saturated fat levels were aligned with dietary guidelines, although sodium levels exceeded recommended limits. Consumption of larger portions of commonplace plant-based diets, scaled to meet the energy demands of maximal accrual of muscle mass and strength, satisfied protein and leucine requirements without the need for additional planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Goldman
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Research and Development, Metabite Inc., New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Cassandra B. Warbeck
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Micaela C. Karlsen
- Department of Research, American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, MO 63006, USA;
- Departments of Applied Nutrition and Global Public Health, Adjunct Faculty, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
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Ballesteros-Torres JM, Escalante-Aburto A, Villarreal-Arce ME, Caballero-Prado CJ. Exploring the Impact of Protein Supplement Source on Body Composition in Women Practicing Anaerobic Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:321. [PMID: 38276559 PMCID: PMC10820452 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Supplements based on protein hydrolysates have been used as an effective source to access amino acids with greater bioavailability, promoting absorption to improve body composition. Five groups of young women were randomly selected. They followed a personalized eating plan that included different protein supplements (meat, vegan, branched-chain amino acids [BCAAs], whey, and control group), combined with an exercise plan, for eight weeks, aiming to assess their consumption effects combined with resistance exercise on body composition. Bioelectrical impedance before and after the treatment was conducted. The results showed that the supplementation with BCAAs presented a significant decrease (p < 0.05) on the BMI in this group (initial BMI = 19.7 kg/m2; final BMI = 19.4 kg/m2). When comparing the final measures among the groups, the BCAAs and vegan supplements caused a significant decrease in body weight (50.24 kg and 51.34 kg, respectively). The BMI of the group supplemented with meat proteins was statistically higher (22.06 kg/m2) than that the group supplemented with BCAAs (19.4 kg/m2) (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the type of protein consumed to produce muscle mass in the participants after eight weeks of study under a controlled diet and anaerobic resistance exercise. Participants exhibited energy deficiencies, but their macronutrient distribution appeared normal. Following an 8-week intervention, meat and BCAAs reduced weight and BMI, although no statistical differences were observed. It is recommended to extend the treatment for a more comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Ballesteros-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Ave. Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Mexico;
| | - Anayansi Escalante-Aburto
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM), Escuela de Ciencias Aliadas a la Salud, Ave. Ignacio Morones Prieto, 4500 Pte., San Pedro Garza García 66238, Mexico;
| | - María Elena Villarreal-Arce
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM), Escuela de Ciencias Aliadas a la Salud, Ave. Ignacio Morones Prieto, 4500 Pte., San Pedro Garza García 66238, Mexico;
| | - Cindy Joanna Caballero-Prado
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM), Escuela de Ciencias Aliadas a la Salud, Ave. Ignacio Morones Prieto, 4500 Pte., San Pedro Garza García 66238, Mexico;
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Mallinson JE, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Cegielski J, Bass J, Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Greenhaff PL. Protein dose requirements to maximize skeletal muscle protein synthesis after repeated bouts of resistance exercise in young trained women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2470-2481. [PMID: 37787091 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining the effect of protein (PRO) feeding on post resistance exercise (RE) muscle protein synthesis (MPS) have primarily been performed in men, and little evidence is available regarding the quantity of PRO required to maximally stimulate MPS in trained women following repeated bouts of RE. We therefore quantified acute (4 h and 8 h) and extended (24 h) effects of two bouts of resistance exercise, alongside protein-feeding, in women, and the PRO requirement to maximize MPS. Twenty-four RE trained women (26.6 ± 0.7 years, mean ± SEM) performed two bouts of whole-body RE (3 × 8 repetitions/maneuver at 75% 1-repetition maximum) 4 h apart, with post-exercise ingestion of 15 g, 30 g, or 60 g whey PRO (n = 8/group). Saliva, venous blood, and a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy were taken at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h post-exercise. Plasma leucine and branched chain amino acids were quantified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after ingestion of D2 O. Fifteen grams PRO did not alter plasma leucine concentration or myofibrillar synthetic rate (MyoFSR). Thirty and sixty grams PRO increased plasma leucine concentration above baseline (105.5 ± 5.3 μM; 120.2 ± 7.4 μM, respectively) at 4 h (151.5 ± 8.2 μM, p < 0.01; 224.8 ± 16.0 μM, p < 0.001, respectively) and 8 h (176.0 ± 7.3 μM, p < 0.001; 281.7 ± 21.6 μM, p < 0.001, respectively). Ingestion of 30 g PRO increased MyoFSR above baseline (0.068 ± 0.005%/h) from 0 to 4 h (0.140 ± 0.021%/h, p < 0.05), 0 to 8 h (0.121 ± 0.012%/h, p < 0.001), and 0 to 24 h (0.099 ± 0.011%/h, p < 0.01). Ingestion of 60 g PRO increased MyoFSR above baseline (0.063 ± 0.003%/h) from 0 to 4 h (0.109 ± 0.011%/h, p < 0.01), 0 to 8 h (0.093 ± 0.008%/h, p < 0.01), and 0 to 24 h (0.086 ± 0.006%/h, p < 0.01). Post-exercise ingestion of 30 g or 60 g PRO, but not 15 g, acutely increased MyoFSR following two consecutive bouts of RE and extended the anabolic window over 24 h. There was no difference between the 30 g and 60 g responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Mallinson
- School of Life Sciences, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - T J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - J P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J Cegielski
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Bass
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M S Brook
- School of Life Sciences, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - D J Wilkinson
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K Smith
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P J Atherton
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P L Greenhaff
- School of Life Sciences, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Zare R, Devrim-Lanpir A, Guazzotti S, Ali Redha A, Prokopidis K, Spadaccini D, Cannataro R, Cione E, Henselmans M, Aragon AA. Effect of Soy Protein Supplementation on Muscle Adaptations, Metabolic and Antioxidant Status, Hormonal Response, and Exercise Performance of Active Individuals and Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2023; 53:2417-2446. [PMID: 37603200 PMCID: PMC10687132 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein supplements are important to maintain optimum health and physical performance, particularly in athletes and active individuals to repair and rebuild their skeletal muscles and connective tissues. Soy protein (SP) has gained popularity in recent years as an alternative to animal proteins. OBJECTIVES This systematic review evaluates the evidence from randomised controlled clinical trials of the effects of SP supplementation in active individuals and athletes in terms of muscle adaptations, metabolic and antioxidant status, hormonal response and exercise performance. It also explores the differences in SP supplementation effects in comparison to whey protein. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, as well as a manual search in Google Scholar and EBSCO, on 27 June 2023. Randomised controlled trials that evaluated the applications of SPs supplementation on sports and athletic-related outcomes that are linked with exercise performance, adaptations and biomarkers in athletes and physically active adolescents and young adults (14 to 39 years old) were included, otherwise, studies were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed according to Cochrane's revised risk of bias tool. RESULTS A total of 19 eligible original research articles were included that investigated the effect of SP supplementation on muscle adaptations (n = 9), metabolic and antioxidant status (n = 6), hormonal response (n = 6) and exercise performance (n = 6). Some studies investigated more than one effect. SP was found to provide identical increases in lean mass compared to whey in some studies. SP consumption promoted the reduction of exercise-induced metabolic/blood circulating biomarkers such as triglycerides, uric acid and lactate. Better antioxidant capacity against oxidative stress has been seen with respect to whey protein in long-term studies. Some studies reported testosterone and cortisol fluctuations related to SP; however, more research is required. All studies on SP and endurance performance suggested the potential beneficial effects of SP supplementation (10-53.3 g) on exercise performance by improving high-intensity and high-speed running performance, enhancing maximal cardiac output, delaying fatigue and improving isometric muscle strength, improving endurance in recreational cyclists, increasing running velocity and decreasing accumulated lactate levels; however, studies determining the efficacy of soy protein on VO2max provided conflicted results. CONCLUSION It is possible to recommend SP to athletes and active individuals in place of conventional protein supplements by assessing their dosage and effectiveness in relation to different types of training. SP may enhance lean mass compared with other protein sources, enhance the antioxidant status, and reduce oxidative stress. SP supplementation had an inconsistent effect on testosterone and cortisol levels. SP supplementation may be beneficial, especially after muscle damage, high-intensity/high-speed or repeated bouts of strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zare
- Meshkat Sports Complex, Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran
- Arses Sports Complex, Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran
| | - Asli Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Silvia Guazzotti
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Ali Ali Redha
- The Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
| | - Daniele Spadaccini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberto Cannataro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
- GalaScreen Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
- GalaScreen Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Menno Henselmans
- The International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, David Blesstraat 28HS, 1073 LC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan A Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
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12
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Rashwan AK, Osman AI, Abdelshafy AM, Mo J, Chen W. Plant-based proteins: advanced extraction technologies, interactions, physicochemical and functional properties, food and related applications, and health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-28. [PMID: 37966163 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2279696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Even though plant proteins are more plentiful and affordable than animal proteins in comparison, direct usage of plant-based proteins (PBPs) is still limited because PBPs are fed to animals as feed to produce animal-based proteins. Thus, this work has comprehensively reviewed the effects of various factors such as pH, temperature, pressure, and ionic strength on PBP properties, as well as describes the protein interactions, and extraction methods to know the optimal conditions for preparing PBP-based products with high functional properties and health benefits. According to the cited studies in the current work, the environmental factors, particularly pH and ionic strength significantly affected on physicochemical and functional properties of PBPs, especially solubility was 76.0% to 83.9% at pH = 2, while at pH = 5.0 reduced from 5.3% to 9.6%, emulsifying ability was the lowest at pH = 5.8 and the highest at pH 8.0, and foaming capacity was lowest at pH 5.0 and the highest at pH = 7.0. Electrostatic interactions are the main way for protein interactions, which can be used to create protein/polysaccharide complexes for food industrial purposes. The extraction yield of proteins can be reached up to 86-95% with high functional properties using sustainable and efficient routes, including enzymatic, ultrasound-, microwave-, pulsed electric field-, and high-pressure-assisted extraction. Nondairy alternative products, especially yogurt, 3D food printing and meat analogs, synthesis of nanoparticles, and bioplastics and packaging films are the best available PBPs-based products. Moreover, PBPs particularly those that contain pigments and their products showed good bioactivities, especially antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Rashwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Food and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Asem M Abdelshafy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jianling Mo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Merchant RA, Chan YH, Anbarasan D, Seetharaman S, Au L, Nachammai V, Lai A, Ho V, Wong BLL, Pang E, Bhaskaran K. Impact of exercise and leucine-enriched protein supplementation on physical function, body composition, and inflammation in pre-frail older adults: a quasi-experimental study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1204198. [PMID: 37644985 PMCID: PMC10461448 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1204198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise and a protein-enriched diet are essential for muscle protein synthesis, cellular growth, mitochondrial function, and immune function. The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board's current guideline on recommended dietary allowance for protein in older adults is 0.8 g/kg per day, which may not be sufficient in vulnerable pre-frail older adults. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the impact of leucine-enriched protein supplementation with or without exercise over 3 months in pre-frail older adults who consumed ≤1 g/kg/day of protein on improving (i) physical function, (ii) body composition measures, and (iii) inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Methods A non-randomized cluster quasi-experimental study guided by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist of 178 pre-frail older adults [112 control, 44 nutrition (Nu), and 22 in the nutrition with exercise (Nu+Ex) group] comparing the effect of Nu+Ex and Nu on physical function, body composition, and inflammation. At 0, 3, and 6 months, questionnaires on demographics, depression, perceived health, and cognition were administered. Physical function assessment (short physical performance battery [SPPB] test, gait speed, handgrip strength, 5× sit-to-stand [STS]) was conducted, and body composition analysis was performed using a bioelectrical impedance analysis machine. IL-6 and TNF-α were measured at 0 and 3 months. Results At 3 months, there were significant improvements in gait speed, 5× STS, SPPB scores, depression, perceived health, fat-free mass, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass indices in the Nu+Ex group. Both Nu+Ex and Nu groups had improvements in body cell mass and reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α. The improvements were not sustained after 6 months. Conclusion Our study results need to be validated in future longitudinal randomized studies with a larger sample size focusing on populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Aziz Merchant
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Santhosh Seetharaman
- Healthy Ageing Programme, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lydia Au
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vidhya Nachammai
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexa Lai
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vanda Ho
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beatrix Ling Ling Wong
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice Pang
- Health Promotion Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kalpana Bhaskaran
- Glycemic Index Research Unit, School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Liu S, Zhang L, Li S. Advances in nutritional supplementation for sarcopenia management. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1189522. [PMID: 37492597 PMCID: PMC10365293 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1189522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by a decline in muscular mass, strength, and function with advancing age. The risk of falls, fragility, hospitalization, and death is considerably increased in the senior population due to sarcopenia. Although there is no conclusive evidence for drug treatment, resistance training has been unanimously recognized as a first-line treatment for managing sarcopenia, and numerous studies have also pointed to the combination of nutritional supplementation and resistance training as a more effective intervention to improve quality of life for people with sarcopenia. People with both malnutrition and sarcopenia have a higher mortality rate, so identifying people at risk of malnutrition and intervening early is extremely important to avoid sarcopenia and its associated problems. This article provides important information for dietary interventions in sarcopenia by summarizing the discoveries and developments of nutritional supplements such as protein, leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, creatine, inorganic nitrate, probiotics, minerals, collagen peptides, and polyphenols in the management of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Liu
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuangqing Li
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Multimorbidity Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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15
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van der Heijden I, Monteyne AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:206-230. [PMID: 35960188 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the age-related decline in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and the associated negative health outcomes, it has been proposed that dietary protein recommendations for older adults should be increased alongside an active lifestyle and/or structured exercise training. Concomitantly, there are growing environmental concerns associated with the production of animal-based dietary protein sources. The question therefore arises as to where this dietary protein required for meeting the protein demands of the rapidly aging global population should (or could) be obtained. Various non-animal-derived protein sources possess favorable sustainability credentials, though much less is known (compared with animal-derived proteins) about their ability to influence muscle anabolism. It is also likely that the anabolic potential of various alternative protein sources varies markedly, with the majority of options remaining to be investigated. The purpose of this review was to thoroughly assess the current evidence base for the utility of alternative protein sources (plants, fungi, insects, algae, and lab-grown "meat") to support muscle anabolism in (active) older adults. The solid existing data portfolio requires considerable expansion to encompass the strategic evaluation of the various types of dietary protein sources. Such data will ultimately be necessary to support desirable alterations and refinements in nutritional guidelines to support healthy and active aging, while concomitantly securing a sustainable food future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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16
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Li Y, Liu Y, Tan R, Liu Y. Effect of flavonoids on skeletal muscle mass, strength and physical performance in middle-aged and older adults with or without Sarcopenia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1013449. [PMID: 36299989 PMCID: PMC9589257 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1013449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of flavonoids in regulating the synthesis and function of skeletal muscles is increasingly recognized. However, randomized controlled trials have yielded inconsistent results on the influence of flavonoids on human muscular parameters. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the possible effects of flavonoids on sarcopenia-related parameters in middle-aged and elderly people. Eligible literature and randomized controlled trials reports have been extensively searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases until April 2022. A total of 20 articles involving 796 participants were available for the meta-analysis. There were significant benefits for participants in appendicular muscle mass gain (SMD = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.52; P = 0.01) and 6-min walk distance (SMD = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.73; P = 0.05). A subgroup analysis indicated that flavonoid significantly improves appendicular muscle mass (SMD = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.80; P < 0.01) and Timed-Up and Go test (SMD = −0.47; 95% CI: −0.85, −0.09; P = 0.02) in Sarcopenia population. Our results provide insight into the effects of flavonoids on skeletal muscle mass and gait speed for those without exercise. However, there was no significant improvement in the subjects' muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongshao Tan
- Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yan Liu
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17
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PINCKAERS PHILIPPEJM, HENDRIKS FLORISK, HERMANS WESLEYJ, GOESSENS JOYP, SENDEN JOANM, VAN KRANENBURG JANNEAUMX, WODZIG WILLKHW, SNIJDERS TIM, VAN LOON LUCJC. Potato Protein Ingestion Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates at Rest and during Recovery from Exercise in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1572-1581. [PMID: 35438672 PMCID: PMC9390237 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plant-derived proteins have received considerable attention as an alternative to animal-based proteins and are now frequently used in both plant-based diets and sports nutrition products. However, little information is available on the anabolic properties of potato-derived protein. This study compares muscle protein synthesis rates after the ingestion of 30 g potato protein versus 30 g milk protein at rest and during recovery from a single bout of resistance exercise in healthy, young males. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 24 healthy young males (24 ± 4 yr) received primed continuous l -[ ring - 13 C 6 ]-phenylalanine infusions while ingesting 30 g potato-derived protein or 30 g milk protein after a single bout of unilateral resistance exercise. Blood and muscle biopsies were collected for 5 h after protein ingestion to assess postprandial plasma amino acid profiles and mixed muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during recovery from exercise. RESULTS Ingestion of both potato and milk protein increased mixed muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with basal postabsorptive values (from 0.020% ± 0.011% to 0.053% ± 0.017%·h -1 and from 0.021% ± 0.014% to 0.050% ± 0.012%·h -1 , respectively; P < 0.001), with no differences between treatments ( P = 0.54). In the exercised leg, mixed muscle protein synthesis rates increased to 0.069% ± 0.019% and 0.064% ± 0.015%·h -1 after ingesting potato and milk protein, respectively ( P < 0.001), with no differences between treatments ( P = 0.52). The muscle protein synthetic response was greater in the exercised compared with the resting leg ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 30 g potato protein concentrate increases muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during recovery from exercise in healthy, young males. Muscle protein synthesis rates after the ingestion of 30 g potato protein do not differ from rates observed after ingesting an equivalent amount of milk protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- PHILIPPE J. M. PINCKAERS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - FLORIS K. HENDRIKS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - WESLEY J.H. HERMANS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - JOY P.B. GOESSENS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - JOAN M. SENDEN
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - JANNEAU M. X. VAN KRANENBURG
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - WILL K. H. W. WODZIG
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - TIM SNIJDERS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - LUC J. C. VAN LOON
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
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18
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Shi J, Fang H, Guo Q, Yu D, Ju L, Cheng X, Piao W, Xu X, Li Z, Mu D, Zhao L, He L. Association of Dietary Patterns with Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 7–17: The China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016–2017. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173524. [PMID: 36079782 PMCID: PMC9460434 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the associations of dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–17 in 2016–2017. Using the data from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016–2017, the sociodemographic information, diet, anthropometric measurements and clinical examinations of subjects were obtained, and a total of 13,071 school-aged children and adolescents were included in this study. The Cook criteria were used to define MetS and its components. Dietary intake was derived from 24-h dietary records for three consecutive days, combined with the weighing method. Factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns. The associations of dietary patterns with MetS and its components were examined by logistic regression analysis. Consequently, five distinct dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis, and the relationships between dietary patterns with MetS and its components were observed. After adjusting for covariates, the animal product and vegetable patterns may have a positive association with MetS; the condiment pattern was positively associated with low HDL-C; the fruit and junk food patterns had positive relationships with MetS, abdominal obesity and high TG; the cereals and tubers pattern was positively associated with MetS, abdominal obesity, high TG and low HDL-C; the beans pattern was positively associated with high TG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li He
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6623-7033
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19
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Jia S, Wu Q, Wang S, Kan J, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li J, Xu W, Du J, Wei W. Pea Peptide Supplementation in Conjunction With Resistance Exercise Promotes Gains in Muscle Mass and Strength. Front Nutr 2022; 9:878229. [PMID: 35873424 PMCID: PMC9302772 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.878229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally considered that protein supplementation and resistance exercise significantly increase muscle mass and muscle growth. As the hydrolysis products of proteins, peptides may play the crucial role on muscle growth. In this study, male rats were orally administrated 0.4 g/kg body weight of pea peptide combined with 8 weeks of moderate intensity resistance exercise training. After treatment, the body gains, upper limb grip, muscle thickness, and wet weight of biceps brachii were tested, and the cross-sectional area of biceps brachii muscle fiber and the types of muscle fibers were determined by HE staining, immunofluorescence staining, and lactate dehydrogenase activity, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the level of growth-signaling pathway-related proteins. The results showed that pea peptide supplementation combined with resistance exercise training significantly increased body weight, upper limb grip, muscle thickness, wet weight of biceps brachii, and cross-sectional area of muscle fiber. Meanwhile, pea peptide supplementation obviously elevated the ratio of fast-twitch fiber (type II) and the expression of muscle growth-signaling pathway-related proteins. In addition, the PP2 oligopeptide in pea peptide with the amino acid sequence of LDLPVL induced a more significant promotion on C2C12 cell growth than other oligopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Jia
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Sports Intervention and Health Promotion, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiming Wu
- Amway (Shanghai) Innovation & Science Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shue Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Juntao Kan
- Amway (Shanghai) Innovation & Science Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Zhong Shi Du Qing (Shandong) Biotechnology Company, Heze, China
| | - Xiping Zhang
- Zhong Shi Du Qing (Shandong) Biotechnology Company, Heze, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Zhong Shi Du Qing (Shandong) Biotechnology Company, Heze, China
| | - Jie Li
- Zhong Shi Du Qing (Shandong) Biotechnology Company, Heze, China
| | - Wenhan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jun Du
- Amway (Shanghai) Innovation & Science Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Du
| | - Wei Wei
- Zhong Shi Du Qing (Shandong) Biotechnology Company, Heze, China
- Wei Wei
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20
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Keshavarz M, Sénéchal M, Dombrowski SU, Meister D, Bouchard DR. Examining the role of sex on the benefits of muscle‐strengthening activities for people living with obesity: A cross‐sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e720. [PMID: 35811584 PMCID: PMC9252089 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To investigate the correlations between meeting the muscle‐strengthening activities guideline, body fat %, and mortality for individuals living with obesity and to explore if these correlations are moderated by sex. Methods Data from 3915 adults (51.9% women; 48.1% men) living with obesity (body fat % ≥25 for men and ≥35 for women) from two cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003‐04/2005‐06) were analyzed. Muscle‐strengthening activities were self‐reported via a questionnaire, body fat % was measured via Dual Energy X‐ray, and mortality was obtained via administrative data for an average of 10 years. Results 18.7% of men and 15.2% of women living with obesity met the muscle‐strengthening activities guideline (p = 0.021). Sex was correlated with body fat %; (β (SE)= 11.34 (0.18); p ≤ 0.001) and risk of mortality (hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.36 (0.24–0.54); p ≤ 0.001), once adjusted for confounders (weekly aerobic activities, ethnicity, education, household income, smoking, and the sum of chronic conditions). The interaction between sex and meeting the muscle‐strengthening activities guideline was not significantly correlated with the studied outcomes. Conclusion Performing muscle‐strengthening activities a minimum of two times per week does not impact body fat % or risk of mortality (over 10 years) differently in men or women living with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Keshavarz
- Cardio‐metabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Martin Sénéchal
- Cardio‐metabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | | | - Daniel Meister
- Cardio‐metabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Danielle R. Bouchard
- Cardio‐metabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
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21
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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Wu FY, Huang CC, Li HY, Chen WC. Isolated Soy Protein Supplementation Combined With Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength, Mass, and Physical Performance of Aging Female Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:893352. [PMID: 35721547 PMCID: PMC9204525 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.893352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose: In recent years, the aging population has gradually increased, and the aging process is accompanied by health-associated problems, such as loss of muscle mass and weakness. Therefore, it is important to explore alternative strategies for improving the health status and physical fitness of the aged population. In this study, we investigated the effect of soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training on changes in the muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional activity performance of aging mice. Methods: Female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group): sedentary control (SC), isolated soy protein (ISP) supplementation, resistance training (RT), and a combination of ISP and RT (ISP + RT). The mice in designated groups received oral ISP supplementation (0.123 g/kg/day), RT (5 days/week for a period of 4 weeks), or a combination of both ISP plus RT for 4 weeks. Afterward, we assessed muscle strength, endurance, and anaerobic endurance performance and analyzed blood biochemical and pathological tissue sections to investigate whether there were adverse effects or not in mice. Results: ISP supplementation effectively improved the muscle mass, muscle endurance, and endurance performance of aging female mice. The RT group not only showed similar results with ISP but also increased muscle strength and glycogen content. Nevertheless, the combination of ISP supplementation and RT had greater beneficial effects on muscle strength, physical performance, and glycogen levels (p < 0.05). In addition, the combination of ISP supplementation and RT had significantly increased type II muscle percentage and cross-sectional area (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although ISP or RT alone improved muscle mass and performance, the combination of ISP with RT showed greater beneficial effects in aging mice. Our findings suggest that regular exercise along with protein supplementation could be an effective strategy to improve overall health and physical fitness among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Center, Linkou-Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chyuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Center, Linkou-Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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22
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López-Martínez MI, Miguel M, Garcés-Rimón M. Protein and Sport: Alternative Sources and Strategies for Bioactive and Sustainable Sports Nutrition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926043. [PMID: 35782926 PMCID: PMC9247391 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and sport play an important role in achieving a healthy lifestyle. In addition to the intake of nutrients derived from the normal diet, some sport disciplines require the consumption of supplements that contribute positively to improved athletic performance. Protein intake is important for many aspects related to health, and current evidence suggests that some athletes require increased amounts of this nutrient. On the other hand, society's demand for more environmentally friendly products, focus on the search for alternative food sources more sustainable. This review aims to summarize the latest research on novel strategies and sources for greener and functional supplementation in sport nutrition. Alternative protein sources such as insects, plants or mycoproteins have proven to be an interesting substrate due to their high added value in terms of bioactivity and sustainability. Protein hydrolysis has proven to be a very useful technology to revalue by-products, such as collagen, by producing bioactive peptides beneficial on athletes performance and sport-related complications. In addition, it has been observed that certain amino acids from plant sources, as citrulline or theanine, can have an ergogenic effect for this target population. Finally, the future perspectives of protein supplementation in sports nutrition are discussed. In summary, protein supplementation in sports nutrition is a very promising field of research, whose future perspective lies with the search for alternatives with greater bioactive potential and more sustainable than conventional sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I. López-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Miguel
| | - Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on Weight and Body Composition Indicators: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 50:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Whey Protein Supplementation Is Superior to Leucine-Matched Collagen Peptides to Increase Muscle Thickness During a 10-Week Resistance Training Program in Untrained Young Adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:133-143. [PMID: 35042187 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation of whey protein (WP) versus leucine-matched collagen peptides (CP) on muscle thickness MT and performance after a resistance training (RT) program in young adults. Twenty-two healthy untrained participants were randomly assigned to either a WP (n = 11) or leucine-matched CP (n = 11) group and then submitted to a supervised 10-week RT program (3 days/week). The groups were supplemented with an equivalent amount of WP (35 g, containing 3.0 g of leucine) and CP (35 g, containing 1.0 g of leucine and 2.0 g of free leucine) during the intervention period (after each workout and in the evening on nontraining days). MT of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii, isokinetic peak torque and mean power output of the elbow flexors, and peak power output of the lower body were assessed before and after the RT program. The WP group experienced a greater (interaction, p < .05) increase in the vastus lateralis (effect size, WP = 0.68 vs. CP = 0.38; % Δ, WP = 8.4 ± 2.5 vs. CP = 5.6 ± 2.6%) and biceps brachii muscle thickness (effect size, WP = 0.61 vs. CP = 0.35; % , WP = 10.1 ± 3.8 vs. CP = 6.0 ± 3.2%), with a similar increase in muscle performance (peak torque, mean power output, and peak power output) between groups (time p < .05). Supplementation with WP was superior to leucine content-matched CP supplementation in increasing muscle size, but not strength and power, after a 10-week RT program in young adults.
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25
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Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria and Fungi in Diet of Vegan and Vegetarian Sportsmen-a Systematic Review. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2022.1-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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26
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Li F, Hsueh YT, Hsu YJ, Lee MC, Chang CH, Ho CS, Huang CC. Effects of Isolated Soy Protein Supplementation Combined with Aerobic Exercise Training on Improving Body Composition, Anthropometric Characteristics and Cardiopulmonary Endurance in Women: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211798. [PMID: 34831554 PMCID: PMC8620840 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Today, women are concerned with health promotion but also with improvements in body weight and shape. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training (AET) combined with isolated soy protein (ISP) supplementation on the body composition, anthropometric characteristics, and cardiopulmonary endurance of women. The qualified subjects were randomly assigned to AET or AET + ISP groups. Women in the AET + ISP group were given an ISP-rich supplement (40 g/day) 5 days a week for 8 weeks; those in the AET group were given the same amount of water in an identical manner. All women received 60 min of AET twice a week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 40–65% heart rate reserve (HRR) and their body composition, anthropometric characteristics, and physical fitness were measured one week before and after the 8-week AET class. A total of 16 subjects (age: 36.13 ± 5.76 years) completed the study and were included in the dataset. The results of this study show that the AET + ISP group obtained greater reductions in body weight (effect size = 0.99), body mass index (BMI, effect size = 1.04), percentage body fat (PBF, effect size = 1.18), circumferences (waist and hip, all effect sizes > 0.8), and greater gains in the percentage lean body mass (PLBM, effect size = 0.89), compared with the AET group, without significant differences in 20 m multi-stage shuttle run test (20 m MST). We conclude that there is a trend for the consumption of ISP following AET to improve the body composition and anthropometric characteristics in women, compared with those who received the same AET without ISP supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chin-Shan Ho
- Correspondence: (C.-S.H.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2425) (C.-S.H.); +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2409) (C.-C.H.)
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Correspondence: (C.-S.H.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2425) (C.-S.H.); +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2409) (C.-C.H.)
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27
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Abstract
There is a global trend of an increased interest in plant-based diets. This includes an increase in the consumption of plant-based proteins at the expense of animal-based proteins. Plant-derived proteins are now also frequently applied in sports nutrition. So far, we have learned that the ingestion of plant-derived proteins, such as soy and wheat protein, result in lower post-prandial muscle protein synthesis responses when compared with the ingestion of an equivalent amount of animal-based protein. The lesser anabolic properties of plant-based versus animal-derived proteins may be attributed to differences in their protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, as well as to differences in amino acid composition between these protein sources. Most plant-based proteins have a low essential amino acid content and are often deficient in one or more specific amino acids, such as lysine and methionine. However, there are large differences in amino acid composition between various plant-derived proteins or plant-based protein sources. So far, only a few studies have directly compared the muscle protein synthetic response following the ingestion of a plant-derived protein versus a high(er) quality animal-derived protein. The proposed lower anabolic properties of plant- versus animal-derived proteins may be compensated for by (i) consuming a greater amount of the plant-derived protein or plant-based protein source to compensate for the lesser quality; (ii) using specific blends of plant-based proteins to create a more balanced amino acid profile; (iii) fortifying the plant-based protein (source) with the specific free amino acid(s) that is (are) deficient. Clinical studies are warranted to assess the anabolic properties of the various plant-derived proteins and their protein sources in vivo in humans and to identify the factors that may or may not compromise the capacity to stimulate post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Such work is needed to determine whether the transition towards a more plant-based diet is accompanied by a transition towards greater dietary protein intake requirements.
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28
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Wageh M, Fortino SA, McGlory C, Kumbhare D, Phillips SM, Parise G. The Effect of a Multi-ingredient Supplement on Resistance Training-induced Adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1699-1707. [PMID: 33756525 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistance exercise training (RET) induces muscle hypertrophy that, when combined with co-temporal protein ingestion, is enhanced. However, fewer studies have been conducted when RET is combined with multi-ingredient supplements. PURPOSE We aimed to determine the effect of a high-quality multi-ingredient nutritional supplement (SUPP) versus an isonitrogenous (lower protein quality), isoenergetic placebo (PL) on RET-induced gains in lean body mass (LBM), muscle thickness, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). We hypothesized that RET-induced gains in LBM and muscle CSA would be greater in SUPP versus PL. METHODS In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 26 (13 male, 13 female) healthy young adults (mean ± SD, 22 ± 2 yr) were randomized to either the SUPP group (n = 13; 20 g whey protein, 2 g leucine, 2.5 g creatine monohydrate, 300 mg calcium citrate, 1000 IU vitamin D) or the PL group (n = 13; 20 g collagen peptides, 1.4 g alanine, 0.6 g glycine) groups, ingesting their respective supplements twice daily. Measurements were obtained before and after a 10-wk linear progressive RET program. RESULTS Greater increases in LBM were observed for SUPP versus PL (SUPP: +4.1 ± 1.3 kg, PL: +2.8 ± 1.7 kg, P < 0.05). No additive effect of the supplement could be detected on vastus lateralis muscle CSA, but SUPP did result in increased biceps brachii muscle CSA and thickness (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that when combined with RET, the consumption of SUPP increased LBM and upper-body CSA and thickness to a greater extent than to that observed in the PL group of healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Wageh
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Stephen A Fortino
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
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29
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Plant Proteins and Exercise: What Role Can Plant Proteins Have in Promoting Adaptations to Exercise? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061962. [PMID: 34200501 PMCID: PMC8230006 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate dietary protein is important for many aspects of health with current evidence suggesting that exercising individuals need greater amounts of protein. When assessing protein quality, animal sources of protein routinely rank amongst the highest in quality, largely due to the higher levels of essential amino acids they possess in addition to exhibiting more favorable levels of digestibility and absorption patterns of the amino acids. In recent years, the inclusion of plant protein sources in the diet has grown and evidence continues to accumulate on the comparison of various plant protein sources and animal protein sources in their ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS), heighten exercise training adaptations, and facilitate recovery from exercise. Without question, the most robust changes in MPS come from efficacious doses of a whey protein isolate, but several studies have highlighted the successful ability of different plant sources to significantly elevate resting rates of MPS. In terms of facilitating prolonged adaptations to exercise training, multiple studies have indicated that a dose of plant protein that offers enough essential amino acids, especially leucine, consumed over 8–12 weeks can stimulate similar adaptations as seen with animal protein sources. More research is needed to see if longer supplementation periods maintain equivalence between the protein sources. Several practices exist whereby the anabolic potential of a plant protein source can be improved and generally, more research is needed to best understand which practice (if any) offers notable advantages. In conclusion, as one considers the favorable health implications of increasing plant intake as well as environmental sustainability, the interest in consuming more plant proteins will continue to be present. The evidence base for plant proteins in exercising individuals has seen impressive growth with many of these findings now indicating that consumption of a plant protein source in an efficacious dose (typically larger than an animal protein) can instigate similar and favorable changes in amino acid update, MPS rates, and exercise training adaptations such as strength and body composition as well as recovery.
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30
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Comparison of the effect of soya protein and whey protein on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:885-895. [PMID: 33971994 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Essential amino acids (EAA) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soya and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published randomised clinical trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soya protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. We searched PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soya protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all randomised clinical trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soya protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations were calculated using random effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. After excluding non-relevant articles, ten studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation (weighted mean difference (WMD: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·15, 1·67; P = 0·019). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soya protein supplementation and body composition parameters. Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage.
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31
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Morgan PT, Harris DO, Marshall RN, Quinlan JI, Edwards SJ, Allen SL, Breen L. Protein Source and Quality for Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr 2021; 151:1901-1920. [PMID: 33851213 PMCID: PMC8245874 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is much debate regarding the source/quality of dietary proteins in supporting indices of skeletal muscle anabolism. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of protein source/quality on acute muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and changes in lean body mass (LBM) and strength, when combined with resistance exercise (RE). METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify studies that compared the effects of ≥2 dose-matched, predominantly isolated protein sources of varying "quality." Three separate models were employed as follows: 1) protein feeding alone on MPS, 2) protein feeding combined with a bout of RE on MPS, and 3) protein feeding combined with longer-term resistance exercise training (RET) on LBM and strength. Further subgroup analyses were performed to compare the effects of protein source/quality between young and older adults. A total of 27 studies in young (18-35 y) and older (≥60 y) adults were included. RESULTS Analysis revealed an effect favoring higher-quality protein for postprandial MPS at rest [mean difference (MD): 0.014%/h; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.021; P < 0.001] and following RE (MD: 0.022%/h; 95% CI: 0.014, 0.030; P < 0.00001) in young (model 1: 0.016%/h; 95% CI: -0.004, 0.036; P = 0.12; model 2: 0.030%/h; 95% CI: 0.015, 0.045; P < 0.0001) and older (model 1: 0.012%/h; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.018; P < 0.001; model 2: 0.014%/h; 95% CI: 0.007, 0.021; P < 0.001) adults. However, although higher protein quality was associated with superior strength gains with RET [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.24 kg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.45; P = 0.03)], no effect was observed on changes to LBM (SMD: 0.05 kg; 95% CI: -0.16, 0.25; P = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS The current review suggests that protein quality may provide a small but significant impact on indices of muscle protein anabolism in young and older adults. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the importance of protein source/quality on musculoskeletal aging, particularly in situations of low protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dane O Harris
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ryan N Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan I Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie J Edwards
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie L Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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32
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Messina M, Mejia SB, Cassidy A, Duncan A, Kurzer M, Nagato C, Ronis M, Rowland I, Sievenpiper J, Barnes S. Neither soyfoods nor isoflavones warrant classification as endocrine disruptors: a technical review of the observational and clinical data. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5824-5885. [PMID: 33775173 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soybeans are a rich source of isoflavones, which are classified as phytoestrogens. Despite numerous proposed benefits, isoflavones are often classified as endocrine disruptors, based primarily on animal studies. However, there are ample human data regarding the health effects of isoflavones. We conducted a technical review, systematically searching Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (from inception through January 2021). We included clinical studies, observational studies, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMA) that examined the relationship between soy and/or isoflavone intake and endocrine-related endpoints. 417 reports (229 observational studies, 157 clinical studies and 32 SRMAs) met our eligibility criteria. The available evidence indicates that isoflavone intake does not adversely affect thyroid function. Adverse effects are also not seen on breast or endometrial tissue or estrogen levels in women, or testosterone or estrogen levels, or sperm or semen parameters in men. Although menstrual cycle length may be slightly increased, ovulation is not prevented. Limited insight could be gained about possible impacts of in utero isoflavone exposure, but the existing data are reassuring. Adverse effects of isoflavone intake were not identified in children, but limited research has been conducted. After extensive review, the evidence does not support classifying isoflavones as endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alison Duncan
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Mindy Kurzer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chisato Nagato
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Martin Ronis
- Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, USA
| | - Ian Rowland
- Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading, England, UK
| | | | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama, Alabama, USA
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33
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Animal Protein versus Plant Protein in Supporting Lean Mass and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020661. [PMID: 33670701 PMCID: PMC7926405 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although animal protein is usually considered to be a more potent stimulator of muscle protein synthesis than plant protein, the effect of protein source on lean mass and muscle strength needs to be systematically reviewed. This study aimed to examine potential differences in the effect of animal vs. plant protein on lean mass and muscle strength, and the possible influence of resistance exercise training (RET) and age. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and 3081 articles were screened. A total of 18 articles were selected for systematic review, of which, 16 were used for meta-analysis. Total protein intakes were generally above the recommended dietary allowance at the baseline and end of intervention. Results from the meta-analyses demonstrated that protein source did not affect changes in absolute lean mass or muscle strength. However, there was a favoring effect of animal protein on percent lean mass. RET had no influence on the results, while younger adults (<50 years) were found to gain absolute and percent lean mass with animal protein intake (weighted mean difference (WMD), 0.41 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08 to 0.74; WMD 0.50%; 95% CI 0.00 to 1.01). Collectively, animal protein tends to be more beneficial for lean mass than plant protein, especially in younger adults.
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