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Kumar P, Singh S, Gacem A, Yadav KK, Bhutto JK, Alreshidi MA, Kumar M, Kumar A, Yadav VK, Soni S, Kumar R, Qasim MT, Tariq M, Alam MW. A review on e-waste contamination, toxicity, and sustainable clean-up approaches for its management. Toxicology 2024; 508:153904. [PMID: 39106909 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Ecosystems and human health are being negatively impacted by the growing problem of electrical waste, especially in developing countries. E-waste poses a significant risk to ecological systems because it can release a variety of hazardous substances into the environment, containing polybrominated diphenyl ethers and heavy metals, brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and dioxins. This review article provides a critical assessment of the toxicological consequences of e-waste on ecosystems and human health and data analyses from scientific journals and grey literature on metals, BFRs, PBDEs, PCDFs, and PAHs in several environmental compartments of commercial significance in informal electronic trash recycling. The currently available techniques and tools employed for treating e-waste are sustainable techniques such as bioremediation, chemical leaching, biological leaching, and pyrometallurgy have been also discussed along with the necessity of implementing strong legislation to address the issue of unregulated exports of electronic trash in recycling practices. Despite the ongoing hurdles, implementing environmentally sustainable recycling methods have the potential to address the detrimental impacts of e-waste and foster positive economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India.
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Amel Gacem
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 Août 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462044, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
| | - Javed Khan Bhutto
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Anand Kumar
- School of Management Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, Bihar 803116, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India
| | - Sunil Soni
- School of Medico-Legal Studies, National Forensic Science University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Maytham T Qasim
- College of health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq
| | - Mohd Tariq
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Mir Waqas Alam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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Nour M, Sindi H, Abozinadah E, Öztürk Ş, Polat K. A healthcare evaluation system based on automated weighted indicators with cross-indicators based learning approach in terms of energy management and cybersecurity. Int J Med Inform 2020; 144:104300. [PMID: 33069058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hospital performance evaluation is vital in terms of managing hospitals and informing patients about hospital possibilities. Also, it plays a key role in planning essential issues such as electrical energy management and cybersecurity in hospitals. In addition to being able to make this measurement objectively with the help of various indicators, it can become very complicated with the participation of subjective expert thoughts in the process. METHOD As a result of budget cuts in health expenditures worldwide, the necessity of using hospital resources most efficiently emerges. The most effective way to do this is to determine the evaluation criteria effectively. Machine learning (ML) is the current method to determine these criteria, determined by consulting with experts in the past. ML methods, which can remain utterly objective concerning all indicators, offer fair and reliable results quickly and automatically. Based on this idea, this study provides an automated healthcare system evaluation framework by automatically assigning weights to specific indicators. First, the ability of hands to be used as input and output is measured. RESULTS As a result of this measurement, indicators are divided into only input group (group A) and both input and output group (group B). In the second step, the total effect of each input on the output is calculated by using the indicators in group B as output sequentially using the random forest of the regression tree model. CONCLUSION Finally, the total effect of each indicator on the healthcare system is determined. Thus, the whole system is evaluated objectively instead of a subjective evaluation based on a single output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Nour
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hatem Sindi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ehab Abozinadah
- Department of Information Systems Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Şaban Öztürk
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey.
| | - Kemal Polat
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
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