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Uwamahoro R, Sundaraj K, Feroz FS. Effect of Forearm Postures and Elbow Joint Angles on Elbow Flexion Torque and Mechanomyography in Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of the Biceps Brachii. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8165. [PMID: 37836995 PMCID: PMC10575078 DOI: 10.3390/s23198165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation plays a pivotal role in rehabilitating muscle function among individuals with neurological impairment. However, there remains uncertainty regarding whether the muscle's response to electrical excitation is affected by forearm posture, joint angle, or a combination of both factors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of forearm postures and elbow joint angles on the muscle torque and MMG signals. Measurements of the torque around the elbow and MMG of the biceps brachii (BB) muscle were conducted in 36 healthy subjects (age, 22.24 ± 2.94 years; height, 172 ± 0.5 cm; and weight, 67.01 ± 7.22 kg) using an in-house elbow flexion testbed and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the BB muscle. The BB muscle was stimulated while the forearm was positioned in the neutral, pronation, or supination positions. The elbow was flexed at angles of 10°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The study analyzed the impact of the forearm posture(s) and elbow joint angle(s) on the root-mean-square value of the torque (TQRMS). Subsequently, various MMG parameters, such as the root-mean-square value (MMGRMS), the mean power frequency (MMGMPF), and the median frequency (MMGMDF), were analyzed along the longitudinal, lateral, and transverse axes of the BB muscle fibers. The test-retest interclass correlation coefficient (ICC21) for the torque and MMG ranged from 0.522 to 0.828. Repeated-measure ANOVAs showed that the forearm posture and elbow flexion angle significantly influenced the TQRMS (p < 0.05). Similarly, the MMGRMS, MMGMPF, and MMGMDF showed significant differences among all the postures and angles (p < 0.05). However, the combined main effect of the forearm posture and elbow joint angle was insignificant along the longitudinal axis (p > 0.05). The study also found that the MMGRMS and TQRMS increased with increases in the joint angle from 10° to 60° and decreased at greater angles. However, during this investigation, the MMGMPF and MMGMDF exhibited a consistent decrease in response to increases in the joint angle for the lateral and transverse axes of the BB muscle. These findings suggest that the muscle contraction evoked by NMES may be influenced by the interplay between actin and myosin filaments, which are responsible for muscle contraction and are, in turn, influenced by the muscle length. Because restoring the function of limbs is a common goal in rehabilitation services, the use of MMG in the development of methods that may enable the real-time tracking of exact muscle dimensional changes and activation levels is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Uwamahoro
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.U.); (F.S.F.)
- Regional Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Engineering and e-Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 4285, Rwanda
| | - Kenneth Sundaraj
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.U.); (F.S.F.)
| | - Farah Shahnaz Feroz
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.U.); (F.S.F.)
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Zabaleta-Korta A, Fernández-Peña E, Torres-Unda J, Francés M, Zubillaga A, Santos-Concejero J. Regional Hypertrophy: The Effect of Exercises at Long and Short Muscle Lengths in Recreationally Trained Women. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:259-270. [PMID: 37559762 PMCID: PMC10407320 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/163561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse the role of exercises' resistance profile in regional hypertrophy. Thirty-eight healthy women completed a 9-week resistance training program consisting of either 4 sets of 12 repetitions to volitional failure of inclined bicep curls (INC group) or preacher curls (PREA group), three times per week. Pre- and post-intervention muscle thickness was measured using B-mode ultrasound imaging with a linear-array transducer. Scan acquisition sites were determined by measuring 50%, 60% and 70% of the distance between the posterior crest of the acromion and the olecranon. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. No region of the INC group grew when comparing pre- to post-intervention. The 70% region of the PREA group grew significantly (muscle thickness increased from 2.7 ± 0.43 cm to 2.94 ± 0.44 cm). We found no growth differences between regions when analysing per group (p = 0.274), region (p = 0.571) or group*region (p = 0.367). Our results show that the distal region of the arm grows in response to the preacher curl that places the highest amount of strain in the range of motion in which the arm muscles are more elongated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Zabaleta-Korta
- Sports and Education Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eneko Fernández-Peña
- Sports and Education Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jon Torres-Unda
- Physiotherapy Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Maider Francés
- Physiotherapy Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Zubillaga
- Sports and Education Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Sports and Education Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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da Silva LSL, Gonçalves LDS, Abdalla PP, Benjamim CJR, Tasinafo MF, Venturini ACR, Bohn L, Mota J, Marcos-Pardo PJ, Kemmler W, dos Santos AP, Machado DRL. Characteristics of resistance training-based protocols in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: a scoping review of training procedure recommendations. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1179832. [PMID: 37234555 PMCID: PMC10206023 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1179832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a clinical and functional disease characterized by the coexistence of obesity and sarcopenia. Resistance training (RT) characteristics for older adults with sarcopenia or obesity are already well established in the scientific literature. Nonetheless, we still do not know how detailed the RT protocols are described for older adults with SO. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the characteristics of RT programs, including each of their variables, recommended for older adults with SO. Methods This is a scoping review study that was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Reviews. The search was carried out until November 2022 in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, Google Scholar, and medRxiv databases. The studies included SO diagnosis and RT as an intervention strategy. The RT variables analyzed were as follows: exercise selection, the volume of sets, the intensity of load, repetition cadence, rest interval between sets, and weekly frequency. Results A total of 1,693 studies were identified. After applying the exclusion criteria, 15 studies were included in the final analysis. The duration of the RT intervention ranged from 8 to 24 weeks. All studies included full-body routines, with single/multi-joint exercises. Regarding the volume of sets, some studies fixed it in three sets, whereas others varied between one and three sets. The load was reported by repetition range and the weight lifted, elastic-band color/resistance, percentage of one repetition maximum, or perceived exertion scale. Repetition cadence was fixed in some studies, while it was self-selected between concentric and eccentric phases in others. The interval between sets of rest varied from 30 to 180 s. All studies reported progression overload during the interventions. Not all studies reported how the exercise selection, repetition cadence, and rest interval were made. Conclusion The characteristics of RT protocols and their variables prescribed in the literature for older adults with SO were mapped. The lack of detail on some training variables (i.e., exercise selection, repetition cadence, and rest interval) was identified. RT protocols are heterogeneous and described only partially among studies. The recommendations for RT prescription details in older adults with SO are provided for future studies. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/wzk3d/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Santos Lopes da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training, and Sport (GEPEATE), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Leonardo da Silva Gonçalves
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pedro Pugliesi Abdalla
- Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training, and Sport (GEPEATE), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Fernando Tasinafo
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training, and Sport (GEPEATE), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Rossini Venturini
- Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training, and Sport (GEPEATE), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucimere Bohn
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport, Lusófona University, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo
- Neuropsychological Evaluation and Rehabilitation (CERNEP) Research Centre, Scientific Projects Organization and Research Training (SPORT) Research Group (CTS-1024), Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Pereira dos Santos
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training, and Sport (GEPEATE), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dalmo Roberto Lopes Machado
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training, and Sport (GEPEATE), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Educação e Comunicação, Campus da Penha, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Toninelli N, Padovan R, Esposito F, Cè E. Biceps Brachii and Brachioradialis Excitation in Biceps Curl Exercise: Different Handgrips, Different Synergy. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030064. [PMID: 36976950 PMCID: PMC10054060 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study analyzed the excitation of biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and anterior deltoid during bilateral biceps curl performed with different handgrips. Ten competitive bodybuilders performed bilateral biceps curl in non-exhaustive 6-rep sets using 8-RM with the forearm in supinated, pronated, and neutral positions. The ascending and descending phase of each variation was separately analyzed using the normalized root mean square collected using surface electromyography. During the ascending phase, (i) biceps brachii excitation was greater with the supinated compared to the pronated [+19(7)%, ES: 2.60] and neutral handgrip [+12(9)%, ES: 1.24], (ii) the brachioradialis showed greater excitation with the supinated compared to the pronated [+5(4)%, ES: 1.01] and neutral handgrip [+6(5)%, ES: 1.10], (iii) the anterior deltoid excitation was greater with the pronated and neutral handgrip compared to the supinated condition [+6(3)% and +9(2)%, ES: 2.07 and 3.18, respectively]. During the descending phase, the anterior deltoid showed greater excitation in the pronated compared to the supinated handgrip [+5(4)%, ES: 1.02]. Changing the handgrips when performing biceps curl induces specific variations in biceps brachii and brachioradialis excitation and requires different anterior deltoid interventions for stabilizing the humeral head. Practitioners should consider including different handgrips in the biceps curl routine to vary the neural and mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0280214653
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas Toninelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Padovan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
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5
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Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Esposito F, Cè E. Bilateral Biceps Curl Shows Distinct Biceps Brachii and Anterior Deltoid Excitation Comparing Straight vs. EZ Barbell Coupled with Arms Flexion/No-Flexion. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010013. [PMID: 36810497 PMCID: PMC9944112 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the excitation of the biceps brachii and anterior deltoid during bilateral biceps curl performed using the straight vs. EZ barbell and with or without flexing the arms. Ten competitive bodybuilders performed bilateral biceps curl in non-exhaustive 6-rep sets using 8-RM in four variations: using the straight barbell flexing (STflex) or not flexing the arms (STno-flex) or the EZ barbell flexing (EZflex) or not flexing the arms (EZno-flex). The ascending and descending phases were separately analyzed using the normalized root mean square (nRMS) collected using surface electro-myography. For the biceps brachii, during the ascending phase, a greater nRMS was observed in STno-flex vs. EZno-flex (+1.8%, effect size [ES]: 0.74), in STflex vs. STno-flex (+17.7%, ES: 3.93) and in EZflex vs. EZno-flex (+20.3%, ES: 5.87). During the descending phase, a greater nRMS was observed in STflex vs. EZflex (+3.8%, ES: 1.15), in STno-flex vs. STflex (+2.8%, ES: 0.86) and in EZno-flex vs. EZflex (+8.1%, ES: 1.81). The anterior deltoid showed distinct excitation based on the arm flexion/no-flexion. A slight advantage in biceps brachii excitation appears when using the straight vs. EZ barbell. Flexing or not flexing the arms seems to uniquely excite the biceps brachii and anterior deltoid. Practitioners should consider including different bilateral biceps barbell curls in their routine to vary the neural and mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0280214653
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
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Kassiano W, Costa B, Nunes JP, Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Cyrino ES. Which ROMs Lead to Rome? A Systematic Review of the Effects of Range of Motion on Muscle Hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1135-1144. [PMID: 36662126 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kassiano, W, Costa, B, Nunes, JP, Ribeiro, AS, Schoenfeld, BJ, and Cyrino, ES. Which ROMs lead to Rome? a systematic review of the effects of range of motion on muscle hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-Resistance exercise range of motion (ROM) influences muscular adaptations. However, there are no consistent practical guidelines about the optimal ROM for maximizing muscle hypertrophy. The objective of this article was to systematically review the literature for studies that compared the effects of full ROM (fROM) and partial ROM (pROM) on muscle hypertrophy. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify articles from the earliest record up to and including April 2022. We calculated the effect size (ES) scores of the variables of interest. Eleven studies were included in the review. Full ROM and pROM performed in the initial part of the ROM elicited greater muscle hypertrophy of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps brachii, and brachialis distal sites (between-groups ES: 0.20-0.90) than pROM performed in the final part of the ROM. fROM elicited greater muscle growth on the gluteus maximus and adductors than pROM in the final part of the ROM (between-groups ES: 0.24-0.25). Initial pROM produced more favorable proximal rectus femoris hypertrophy than fROM (between-groups ES: 0.35-0.38). pROM in the middle part of the ROM elicited greater triceps brachii hypertrophy than fROM (between-group ES: 1.21). In conclusion, evidence suggests that when training at a longer muscle length-through either pROM or fROM-some muscles, such as quadriceps femoris, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii, tend to experience optimal growth. Thus, the use pROM in the initial part of the excursion in combination with fROM training should be considered when prescribing hypertrophy-oriented resistance training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University Pitágoras UNOPAR, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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7
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Sato S, Yoshida R, Murakoshi F, Sasaki Y, Yahata K, Kasahara K, Nunes JP, Nosaka K, Nakamura M. Comparison between concentric-only, eccentric-only, and concentric–eccentric resistance training of the elbow flexors for their effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2607-2614. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Ottinger CR, Sharp MH, Stefan MW, Gheith RH, de la Espriella F, Wilson JM. Muscle Hypertrophy Response to Range of Motion in Strength Training: A Novel Approach to Understanding the Findings. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Coratella G. Appropriate Reporting of Exercise Variables in Resistance Training Protocols: Much more than Load and Number of Repetitions. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:99. [PMID: 35907047 PMCID: PMC9339067 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Manipulating resistance training variables is crucial to plan the induced stimuli correctly. When reporting the exercise variables in resistance training protocols, sports scientists and practitioners often refer to the load lifted and the total number of repetitions. The present conceptual review explores all within-exercise variables that may influence the strength and hypertrophic gains, and the changes in muscle architecture. Together with the (1) load and (2) the number of repetitions, (3) performing repetitions to failure or not to failure, (4) the displacement of the load or the range of movement (full or partial), (5) the portion of the partial movement to identify the muscle length at which the exercise is performed, (6) the total time under tension, the duration of each phase and the position of the two isometric phases, (7) whether the concentric, eccentric or concentric-eccentric phase is performed, (8) the use of internal or external focus and (9) the inter-set rest may all have repercussions on the adaptations induced by each resistance exercise. Manipulating one or more variable allows to increase, equalize or decrease the stimuli related to each exercise. Sports scientists and practitioners are invited to list all aforementioned variables for each exercise when reporting resistance training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Campa F, Greco G. Growth, Somatic Maturation, and Their Impact on Physical Health and Sports Performance: An Editorial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1266. [PMID: 35162287 PMCID: PMC8835648 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over time, complex interactions and a nonlinear progression among a wide range of variables contribute to the improvement of physical health and of the elite level achievement in youth sport practitioners [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campa
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
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11
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Sato S, Yoshida R, Kiyono R, Yahata K, Yasaka K, Nunes JP, Nosaka K, Nakamura M. Elbow Joint Angles in Elbow Flexor Unilateral Resistance Exercise Training Determine Its Effects on Muscle Strength and Thickness of Trained and Non-trained Arms. Front Physiol 2021; 12:734509. [PMID: 34616309 PMCID: PMC8489980 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.734509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared two unilateral arm curl resistance exercise protocols with a different starting and finishing elbow joint angle in the same ROM for changes in elbow flexors strength and muscle thickness of the trained and non-trained arms. Thirty-two non-resistance trained young adults were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: extended joint training (0°–50°; EXT, n = 12); flexed joint training (80°–130°; FLE, n = 12); and non-training control (n = 8). The exercise training was performed by the dominant arms twice a week for 5 weeks with gradual increases in the training volume over 10 training sessions, and the non-dominant (non-trained) arms were investigated for the cross-education effect. Maximal voluntary contraction torque of isometric (MVC-ISO), concentric (MVC-CON), and eccentric contractions (MVC-ECC), and thickness (MT) of biceps brachii and brachialis of the trained and non-trained arms were assessed at baseline and 4–8 days after the last training session. The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in MVC-ISO torque (16.2 ± 12.6%), MVC-CON torque (21.1 ± 24.4%), and MVC-ECC torque (19.6 ± 17.5%) of the trained arm were observed for the EXT group only. The magnitude of the increase in MT of the trained arm was greater (P < 0.05) for EXT (8.9 ± 3.9%) than FLE (3.4 ± 2.7%). The cross-education effect was evident for MVC-ISO (15.9 ± 14.8%) and MVC-CON (16.7 ± 20.0%) torque of the EXT group only. These results suggest that resistance training at the extended elbow joint induces greater muscle adaptations and cross-education effects than that at flexed elbow joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koki Yasaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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12
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Arazi H, Mohammadi M, Asadi A, Nunes JP, Haff GG. Comparison of traditional and accommodating resistance training with chains on muscular adaptations in young men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:258-264. [PMID: 33871234 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing accommodating resistance with the use of chains (CRT) is a programming technique that may enhance muscle size, strength, and power. However, there is a paucity of studies comparing the responses to CRT and traditional resistance training (TRT) approaches. This study aimed to examine the effects of 8 weeks of CRT and TRT on muscular adaptations in young recreationally-trained men. METHODS Thirty men (26 ± 4 y) volunteered to participate in the present study and were randomly assigned to either CRT (n = 10), TRT (n = 10), or a non-exercise control group (CG, n = 10). A resistancetraining program (3-4 sets, ~8-12 repetitions at 65-80% of 1RM) was performed three times a week for 8 weeks. Percentage body fat, arm and thigh circumferences, 1RM and endurance (number of repetitions to failure 60% of 1RM) strength tests in the back squat and bench press exercises, and vertical jump power were assessed before and after the intervention. RESULTS Following the intervention, both training groups demonstrated improvements in strength compared to CG, where greater gains were observed for CRT (e.g., bench press 1RM: CRT=28%; TRT=19% / back squat endurance: CRT=8%; TRT=2%). CONCLUSIONS The use of chains during resistance training may promote greater gains in strength in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran -
| | - Majid Mohammadi
- Department of Physical Education, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abbas Asadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - João P Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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13
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Nunes JP, Kassiano W, Costa BDV, Mayhew JL, Ribeiro AS, Cyrino ES. Equating Resistance-Training Volume Between Programs Focused on Muscle Hypertrophy. Sports Med 2021; 51:1171-1178. [PMID: 33826122 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calculating resistance-training volume in programs focused on muscle hypertrophy is an attempt to quantify the external workload carried out, then to estimate the dose of stimulus imposed on targeted muscles. The volume is usually expressed in some variables that directly affected the total training work, such as the number of sets, repetitions, and volume-load. These variables are used to try to quantify the training work easily, for the subsequent organization and prescription of training programs. One of the main uses of measures of volume quantification is seen in studies in which the purpose is to compare the effects of different training protocols on muscle growth in a volume-equated format. However, it seems that not all measures of volume are always appropriate for equating training protocols. In the current paper, it is discussed what training volume is and the potentials and shortcomings of each one of the most common ways to equate it between groups depending on the independent variable to be compared (e.g., weekly frequency, intensity of load, and advanced techniques).
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.
| | - Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruna D V Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Jerry L Mayhew
- Exercise Science Program, Truman State University, Kirksville, USA
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.,Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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Yahata K, Konrad A, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yoshida R, Fukaya T, Nunes JP, Nakamura M. Effects of a high-volume static stretching programme on plantar-flexor muscle strength and architecture. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1159-1166. [PMID: 33502614 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Static stretching (SS) is performed in various settings, but there is no consensus about the effects of SS programmes on changes in muscle morphofunction. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a high-volume SS programme on muscle strength and architecture. METHODS Sixteen healthy young male adults participated, and the dominant leg was defined as the intervention side, with the non-dominant leg as the control side. Stretching exercises were performed two times per week (6 sets of 5 min, totally 30 min per session,) for 5-week using a stretching board under the supervision of the research team. Before and after SS intervention programme, plantar-flexor strength (maximum voluntary isometric contraction, MVC-ISO; maximum voluntary concentric contraction, MVC-CON) and architecture (muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length) were measured via dynamometer and ultrasound, respectively. RESULTS Following the SS-training programme, significant increases were observed for stretching side in MVIC-ISO at neutral ankle position (p = 0.02, d = 0.31, Δ = 6.4 ± 9.9%) and MVC-CON at 120°/s (p = 0.02, d = 0.30, Δ = 7.8 ± 9.1%), with no significant change on the control side. There was no significant change in any measure of muscle architecture for both intervention and control sides. CONCLUSION Five-week high-volume SS induced positive changes on some measures of muscle strength but not hypertrophy of plantar-flexor muscles. Even with a volume much greater than already tested, the low strain offered by the SS per set seems be insufficient to induce architectural changes on skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kujo Hospital, 10 Karahashirajoumoncho, Minami-ku, Kyoto, 601-8453, Japan
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.
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