1
|
Ramamoorthy NK, Vengadesan V, Pallam RB, Sadras SR, Sahadevan R, Sarma VV. A pilot-scale sustainable biorefinery, integrating mushroom cultivation and in-situ pretreatment-cum-saccharification for ethanol production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:954-967. [PMID: 36633578 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2162922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass pretreatment incurs 40% of the overall cost of biorefinery operations. The usage of mushroom cultivation as a pretreatment/delignification technique, and bio-ethanol production from spent mushroom substrates, after subsequent pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation processes, have been reported earlier. However, the present pilot-scale, entirely-organic demonstration is one of the very first biorefinery models, which efficiently consolidates: biomass pretreatment; in-situ cellulase production and saccharification; mushroom cultivation, thereby improving the overall operational economy. During pretreatment, the oyster mushroom, Pluerotus florida VS-6, matures into distinct substrate mycelia and fruiting bodies. Consequential variations in the kinetics of growth, biomass degradation/substrate utilization, oxygen uptake and transfer rates, and enzyme production, have been analyzed. Signifying the first-time usage of a biomass mixture, comprising vegetative waste and e-commerce packaging waste, the 30 day-long, bio-economical, non-inhibitor-generating, catabolite repression-limited, solid-state in-situ pretreatment-cum-saccharification, resulted in: 78% lignin degradation; 13.25% soluble-sugar release; 18.25% mushroom yield; 0.88 FPU/g.ds cellulase secretion. The in-situ saccharified biomass, when sequentially subjected to ex-situ enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, showed 37.35% saccharification, and a bio-ethanol yield of 0.425 g per g of glucose, respectively. Apart from yielding engine-ready bio-ethanol, the model doubles as an agripreneurial proposition, and encourages mushroom cultivation and consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navnit Kumar Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India
| | - Vinoth Vengadesan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India
| | - Revanth Babu Pallam
- Department of Biotechnology, Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India
| | - Sudha Rani Sadras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - Vemuri Venkateswara Sarma
- Department of Biotechnology, Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A Systematic Review on Waste as Sustainable Feedstock for Bioactive Molecules—Extraction as Isolation Technology. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10081668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In today’s linear economy, waste streams, environmental pollution, and social–economic differences are increasing with population growth. The need to develop towards a circular economy is obvious, especially since waste streams are composed of valuable compounds. Waste is a heterogeneous and complex matrix, the selective isolation of, for example, polyphenolic compounds, is challenging due to its energy efficiency and at least partially its selectivity. Extraction is handled as an emerging technology in biorefinery approaches. Conventional solid liquid extraction with organic solvents is hazardous and environmentally unfriendly. New extraction methods and green solvents open a wider scope of applications. This research focuses on the question of whether these methods and solvents are suitable to replace their organic counterparts and on the definition of parameters to optimize the processes. This review deals with the process development of agro-food industrial waste streams for biorefineries. It gives a short overview of the classification of waste streams and focuses on the extraction methods and important process parameters for the isolation of secondary metabolites.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jakhesara, Tulsani NJ, Hinsu AT, Jyotsana B, Dafale NA, Patil NV, Purohit HJ, Joshi CG. Genome analysis and CAZy repertoire of a novel fungus Aspergillus sydowii C6d with lignocellulolytic ability isolated from camel rumen. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
4
|
Influence of Ultrasound Application in Fermented Pineapple Peel on Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8070314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant phenolic compounds were extracted from fermented samples of Golden pineapple peels via an ultrasound method. The fermentation conditions to maximize the production of phenolic content and antioxidant activity were previously determined (pH: 5.5, T: 37.3 °C and 85% moisture content). A central composite design with 20 treatments was applied to evaluate the effect of the ethanol concentration, time, and temperature on the production of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The statistical analysis showed that the optimal conditions to produce extracts with high phenolic content and antioxidant activity were: 62 °C, 30 min and 58% ethanol. We obtained 866.26 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g d.m in total phenolic content and for antioxidant activity expressed as percentage inhibition, 80.06 ± 1.02% for ABTS and 63.53 ± 2.02% for DPPH, respectively. The bioactive compound profile in the extracts was identified and quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), this method showed the presence of rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin-3 glucoside, rutine, quercetin, kaempherol-3 glucoside and gallic acid, demonstrating the great potential of these by-products to obtain components that can benefit the consumer’s health.
Collapse
|
5
|
del Mar Contreras M, Romero-García JM, López-Linares JC, Romero I, Castro E. Residues from grapevine and wine production as feedstock for a biorefinery. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
6
|
Pinto PA, Bezerra RMF, Fraga I, Amaral C, Sampaio A, Dias AA. Solid-State Fermentation of Chestnut Shells and Effect of Explanatory Variables in Predictive Saccharification Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052572. [PMID: 35270265 PMCID: PMC8909322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, chestnut shells (CNS), a recalcitrant and low-value agro-industrial waste obtained during the peeling of Castanea sativa fruits, were subjected to solid-state fermentation by six white-rot fungal strains (Irpex lacteus, Ganoderma resinaceum, Phlebia rufa, Bjerkandera adusta and two Trametes isolates). After being fermented, CNS was subjected to hydrolysis by a commercial enzymatic mix to evaluate the effect of fermentation in saccharification yield. After 48 h hydrolysis with 10 CMCase U mL−1 enzymatic mix, CNS fermented with both Trametes strains was recorded with higher saccharification yield (around 253 mg g−1 fermented CNS), representing 25% w/w increase in reducing sugars as compared to non-fermented controls. To clarify the relationships and general mechanisms of fungal fermentation and its impacts on substrate saccharification, the effects of some independent or explanatory variables in the production of reducing sugars were estimated by general predictive saccharification models. The variables considered were lignocellulolytic activities in fungal fermentation, CNS hydrolysis time, and concentration of enzymatic hydrolysis mix. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a very high significant effect (p < 0.0001) of fungal laccase and xylanase activities in the saccharification models, thus proving the key potential of these enzymes in CNS solid-state fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Pinto
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Rui M. F. Bezerra
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Irene Fraga
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Amaral
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Sampaio
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Albino A. Dias
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Costa-Silva V, Pinheiro V, Alves A, Silva JA, Marques G, Lorenzo J, Rodrigues M, Ferreira L. Effects of Dietary Incorporation of Grape Stalks Untreated and Fungi-Treated in Growing Rabbits: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12010112. [PMID: 35011217 PMCID: PMC8749707 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of winery by-products as an animal feed ingredient in rabbit production can enhance the sustainability of this livestock sector by reducing feeding costs and simultaneously diminishing environmental problems related to the management of those by-products. White-rot fungi have been studied for the delignification of lignocellulosic materials due to their potential to decrease the content of lignin. In fact, white-rot fungi also improve the nutritional value due to the deposition of bioactive compounds, acting as a possible biological treatment to enhance the nutritive value of grape stalks. The objective of this work was to evaluate the incorporation of untreated grape stalks and fungi-treated grape stalks in rabbits’ diets. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of untreated grape stalks (UGS) and fungi-treated grape stalks (Lentinula edodes, TGS) in rabbits’ diets. The control group was fed with a control diet without grape stalks (C), two experimental groups were fed on diets with 5% and 10% incorporation of UGS (5UGS and 10UGS), and two with 5% and 10% incorporation of TGS (5TGS and 10TGS). Rabbits fed with TGS diets showed higher daily weight gain (p = 0.034), feed conversion rate (p = 0.002), carcass weight (p = 0.038), and reference carcass weight (p = 0.03) when compared to the control diet. Moreover, animals fed with TGS diets showed an increase in the caecum (p = 0.015) and small intestine (p = 0.021) lengths and in the total volatile fatty acid content (p = 0.005) compared to animals fed UGS diets. Blood triglyceride levels were lower in animals fed with TGS diets compared to UGS (p = 0.005) and C (p ≤ 0.001) diets (12% and 19% lower, respectively), and a trend to lower cholesterol levels was observed (p = 0.071). Meat from rabbits fed with TGS diets had higher levels of linoleic acid, γ-linolenic, ∑ω-6, ∑PUFA, and ∑PUFA/∑SFA ratio compared to rabbits fed with the C diet. Results indicated that grape stalks (UGS and TGS) could be effectively used as an alternative raw material in rabbits’ diets without compromising animal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Costa-Silva
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.P.); (A.A.); (J.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Victor Pinheiro
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.P.); (A.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Anabela Alves
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.P.); (A.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - José António Silva
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.P.); (A.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Guilhermina Marques
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.M.); (M.R.); (L.F.)
| | - Jose Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Miguel Rodrigues
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.M.); (M.R.); (L.F.)
| | - Luís Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.M.); (M.R.); (L.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sakhuja D, Ghai H, Rathour RK, Kumar P, Bhatt AK, Bhatia RK. Cost-effective production of biocatalysts using inexpensive plant biomass: a review. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:280. [PMID: 34094799 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are the complex protein moieties, catalyze the rate of chemical reactions by transforming various substrates to specific products and play an integral part in multiple biochemical cycles. Advancement in enzyme research and its integration with industries have reformed the biotech industries. It provides a superior monetary and ecological exchange to traditional material measures in an efficient and environmentally sustainable manner. The cost-effective production of pure and highly active enzymes is still a challenge for the biocatalyst industries. The use of high purity substrates further raises the cost of a typical biocatalyst. The use of low-cost plant-based biomasses as an enticing and sustainable substrate for enzyme production is the most cost-effective approach to these problems. Given the relevance of biomass as a substrate for enzyme development, this review article focuses on the key source, composition and major enzyme generated using various biomass residues. Furthermore, the difficulties associated with the use of biomass as a substrate and technical developments in this area, are also addressed. The use of waste biomass as a substrate lowers the ultimate cost for the production of biocatalysts while simultaneously reduces the waste burden from the environment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee KH, Lee SK, Lee J, Kim S, Park C, Kim SW, Yoo HY. Improvement of Enzymatic Glucose Conversion from Chestnut Shells through Optimization of KOH Pretreatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3772. [PMID: 33916606 PMCID: PMC8038493 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, about one-third of food produced for human consumption is wasted, which includes byproducts from food processing, with a significant portion of the waste still being landfilled. The aim of this study is to convert chestnut shells (CNSs) from food processing into a valuable resource through bioprocesses. Currently, one of the highest barriers to bioprocess commercialization is low conversion of sugar from biomass, and KOH pretreatment was suggested to improve enzymatic digestibility (ED) of CNS. KOH concentration of 3% (w/w) was determined as a suitable pretreatment solution by a fundamental experiment. The reaction factors including temperature, time and solid/liquid (S/L) ratio were optimized (77.1 g/L CNS loading at 75 °C for 2.8 h) by response surface methodology (RSM). In the statistical model, temperature and time showed a relatively significant effect on the glucan content (GC) and ED, but S/L ratio was not. GC and ED of the untreated CNS were 45.1% and 12.7%, respectively. On the other hand, GC and ED of pretreated CNS were 83.2% and 48.4%, respectively, and which were significantly improved by about 1.8-fold and 3.8-fold compared to the control group. The improved ED through the optimization is expected to contribute to increasing the value of byproducts generated in food processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hyun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun, 2-Gil, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03016, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Soo Kweon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Jeongho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun, 2-Gil, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03016, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Seunghee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun, 2-Gil, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03016, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hah Young Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun, 2-Gil, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03016, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fernandes JMC, Fraga I, Bezerra RMF, Dias AA. Removal pattern of vinasse phenolics by Phlebia rufa, characterization of an induced laccase and inhibition kinetics modeling. Biodegradation 2021; 32:287-298. [PMID: 33772685 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-021-09936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vinasse from the distillation of winemaking residues is a wastewater characterized by high levels of aromatic compounds. Batch cultures of Phlebia rufa showed a significant (p < 0.05) correlation between laccase activity and initial vinasse concentration. The pattern of biodegradation of hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, assessed by HPLC-DAD, revealed that p-hydroxybenzoic acid is the most recalcitrant compound. Vinasse-induced laccase showed electrophoretic homogeneity and molecular weight of 62 kDa after being purified 21-fold. Optimum pH for oxidation of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) was 3.5 and optimum temperature was 50 °C, with an activation energy of 42.8 kJ mol-1. Catalytic efficiency of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) oxidation is about two orders of magnitude higher than 2,6-DMP oxidation, being their Km values 36.2 ± 2.6 μM and 303.0 ± 44.7 μM, respectively and kcat values 486.1 s-1 and 179.6 s-1, respectively. Akaike information criterion and Akaike weights were used to discriminate inhibition models that best fitted 2,6-DMP oxidation in the presence of inhibitors. Inhibition constants of mixed-type inhibitors azide and fluoride, and competitive-type inhibitor chloride, showed the following inhibitors potency: azide > fluoride > chloride. Taken together, this study is consistent with the assumption that P. rufa could be a useful tool for aerobic degradation of phenolic-rich wastewaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana M C Fernandes
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Irene Fraga
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui M F Bezerra
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Albino A Dias
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|