No Difference in Weight Loss, Glucose, Lipids and Vitamin D of Eggs for Breakfast Compared with Cereal for Breakfast during Energy Restriction

The effect of whole egg consumption on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials

BACKGROUND

A limited number of studies have directly examined the effect of whole eggs on body weight and composition in adults, and they have led to inconsistent results. This study aimed to summarize the evidence on the effect of whole egg consumption on body weight and body composition in adults from clinical trials.

METHODS

Online databases were searched from inception to April 2023 for clinical trials that directly or indirectly assessed the effect of whole eggs consumption on anthropometric measures including body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat-free mass (FFM) in adults. A random effects model was used for meta-analysis.

RESULTS

In total, 32 controlled clinical trials were included in the systematic review. The analyses revealed that whole egg consumption has no significant effect on body weight (n = 22), BMI (n = 13), WC (n = 10), and FFM (n = 4, P > 0.05). The subgroup analyses showed that whole egg consumption has an increasing effect on body weight and BMI in studies that lasted more than 12 weeks and in unhealthy participants (P < 0.05). A significant increasing effect on BMI was found in studies that the control group did not receive any egg (P < 0.05). Moreover, in studies that there was no significant difference in energy intake between the intervention and control groups, weight, and WC were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Additionally, in studies that participants in the control group received another food or supplement, studies with calorie restriction, and studies on healthy subjects, whole egg intake significantly decreased BMI (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Although whole egg consumption had no adverse effect on body composition and body weight, in overall, it might increase body weight in long term. Egg consumption beneficially affects BMI in healthy people and during weight loss diet.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

This systematic review and meta-analysis is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, Registration number: CRD42022308045).

Beta-caryophyllene prevents the defects in trabecular bone caused by Vitamin D deficiency through pathways instated by increased expression of klotho

Aims

This study investigated the effects of β-caryophyllene (BCP) on protecting bone from vitamin D deficiency in mice fed on a diet either lacking (D-) or containing (D+) vitamin D.

Methods

A total of 40 female mice were assigned to four treatment groups (n = 10/group): D+ diet with propylene glycol control, D+ diet with BCP, D-deficient diet with control, and D-deficient diet with BCP. The D+ diet is a commercial basal diet, while the D-deficient diet contains 0.47% calcium, 0.3% phosphorus, and no vitamin D. All the mice were housed in conditions without ultraviolet light. Bone properties were evaluated by X-ray micro-CT. Serum levels of klotho were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Under these conditions, the D-deficient diet enhanced the length of femur and tibia bones (p < 0.050), and increased bone volume (BV; p < 0.010) and trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV; p < 0.010) compared to D+ diet. With a diet containing BCP, the mice exhibited higher BV and bone mineral density (BMD; p < 0.050) than control group. The trabecular and cortical bone were also affected by vitamin D and BCP. In addition, inclusion of dietary BCP improved the serum concentrations of klotho (p < 0.050). In mice, klotho regulates the expression level of cannabinoid type 2 receptor (Cnr2) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (Fgf23) through CD300a. In humans, data suggest that klotho is connected to BMD. The expression of klotho is also associated with bone markers.

Conclusion

These data indicate that BCP enhances the serum level of klotho, leading to improved bone properties and mineralization in an experimental mouse model.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(8):528–540.