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Wang X, Zhou G, Lin J, Qin T, Du J, Guo L, Lai P, Jing Y, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Ding G. Effects of radiofrequency field from 5G communication on fecal microbiome and metabolome profiles in mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3571. [PMID: 38347014 PMCID: PMC10861445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of 5G networks, the influence of the radiofrequency field (RF) generated from 5G communication equipment on human health is drawing increasing attention in public. The study aimed at assessing the effects of long-term exposure to 4.9 GHz (one of the working frequencies of 5G communication) RF field on fecal microbiome and metabolome profiles in adult male C57BL/6 mice. The animals were divided into Sham group and radiofrequency group (RF group). For RF group, the mice were whole body exposed to 4.9 GHz RF field for three weeks, 1 h/d, at average power density (PD) of 50 W/m2. After RF exposure, the mice fecal samples were collected to detect gut microorganisms and metabolites by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and LC-MS method, respectively. The results showed that intestinal microbial compositions were altered in RF group, as evidenced by reduced microbial diversity and changed microbial community distribution. Metabolomics profiling identified 258 significantly differentially abundant metabolites in RF group, 57 of which can be classified to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Besides, functional correlation analysis showed that changes in gut microbiota genera were significantly correlated with changes in fecal metabolites. In summary, the results suggested that altered gut microbiota and metabolic profile are associated with 4.9 GHz radiofrequency exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Guiqiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiajin Lin
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Tongzhou Qin
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Junze Du
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Panpan Lai
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuntao Jing
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhaowen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China.
| | - Guirong Ding
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Yang S, Liu M, Wu Q, Zhou C, He P, Gan X, Qin X. Mobile Phone Use and Risks of Overall and 25 Site-Specific Cancers: A Prospective Study from the UK Biobank Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:88-95. [PMID: 37870426 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between mobile phone use and incident cancers remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate the relationships of mobile phone use with incident overall and 25 site-specific cancers in men and women. METHODS A total of 431,861 participants ages 38 to 73 years without prior cancers were included from the UK Biobank. Of these, 46.7% were male. Participants who used a mobile phone at least once per week to make or receive calls were defined as mobile phone users. The study outcomes were incident overall and 25 site-specific cancers. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 10.7 years, 35,401 (17.5%) men and 30,865 (13.4%) women developed overall cancer. Mobile phone use was significantly associated with higher risks of incident overall cancer [HR, 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.12], nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC; HR, 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03-1.14), urinary tract cancer (HR, 1.18; 95% CI:1.05-1.32), and prostate cancer (HR, 1.19; 95% CI: 1.13-1.25) in men, and incident overall cancer (HR, 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00-1.06), NMSC (HR, 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.13), and vulva cancer (HR, 1.74; 95% CI: 1.00-3.02) in women, but not with other cancers. Among mobile phone users, there was a dose-response relationship of length of mobile phone use with incident NMSC in men and women, and prostate cancer in men (all Ptrend < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There was a dose-response relationship of length of mobile phone use with incident NMSC in men and women, and prostate cancer in men. IMPACT Our findings underscore the importance of limiting mobile phone use or keeping a distance from mobile phone for primary prevention of NMSC and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziliang Ye
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sisi Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mengyi Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qimeng Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Panpan He
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Gan
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xianhui Qin
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Dagli N, Dagli R, Thangavelu L. Interaction of millimetre waves used in 5g network with cells and tissues of head-and-neck region: A literature review. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_133_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Bonato M, Tognola G, Benini M, Gallucci S, Chiaramello E, Fiocchi S, Parazzini M. Assessment of SAR in Road-Users from 5G-V2X Vehicular Connectivity Based on Computational Simulations. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176564. [PMID: 36081025 PMCID: PMC9460500 DOI: 10.3390/s22176564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) will soon operate using 5G New-Radio (NR) wireless communication, overcoming the limitations of the current V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) wireless communication technologies and increasing road-safety and driving efficiency. These innovations will also change the RF exposure levels of pedestrians and road-users in general. These people, in fact, will be exposed to additional RF sources coming from nearby cars and from the infrastructure. Therefore, an exposure assessment of people in the proximity of a connected car is necessary and urgent. (2) Methods: Two array antennas for 5G-V2X communication at 3.5 GHz were modelled and mounted on a realistic 3D car model for evaluating the exposure levels of a human model representing people on the road near the car. Computational simulations were conducted using the FDTD solver implemented in the Sim4Life platform; different positions and orientations between the car and the human model were assessed. The analyzed quantities were the Specific Absorption Rate on the whole body (SARwb), averaged over 10 g (SAR10g) in specific tissues, as indicated in the ICNIRP guidelines. (3) Results: the data showed that the highest exposure levels were obtained mostly in the head area of the human model, with the highest peak obtained in the configuration where the main beam of the 5G-V2X antennas was more direct towards the human model. Moreover, in all configurations, the dose absorbed by a pedestrian was well below the ICNIRP guidelines to avoid harmful effects. (4) Conclusions: This work is the first study on human exposure assessment in a 5G-V2X scenario, and it expands the knowledge about the exposure levels for the forthcoming use of 5G in connected vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bonato
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tognola
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Benini
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Gallucci
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emma Chiaramello
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Fiocchi
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Moglia A, Georgiou K, Marinov B, Georgiou E, Berchiolli RN, Satava RM, Cuschieri A. 5G in Healthcare: from COVID-19 to Future Challenges. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2022; 26:4187-4196. [PMID: 35675255 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2022.3181205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide up to May 2022 there have been 515 million cases of COVID-19 infection and over 6 million deaths. The World Health Organization estimated that 115,000 healthcare workers died from COVID-19 from January 2020 to May 2021. This toll on human lives prompted this review on 5G based networking primarily on major components of healthcare delivery: diagnosis, patient monitoring, contact tracing, diagnostic imaging tests, vaccines distribution, emergency medical services, telesurgery and robot-assisted tele-ultrasound. The positive impact of 5G as core technology for COVID-19 applications enabled exchange of huge data sets in fangcang (cabin) hospitals and real-time contact tracing, while the low latency enhanced robot-assisted tele-ultrasound, and telementoring during ophthalmic surgery. In other instances, 5G provided a supportive technology for applications related to COVID-19, e.g., patient monitoring. The feasibility of 5G telesurgery was proven, albeit by a few studies on real patients, in very low samples size in most instances. The important future applications of 5G in healthcare include surveillance of elderly people, the immunosuppressed, and nano- oncology for Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). Issues remain and these require resolution before routine clinical adoption. These include infrastructure and coverage; health risks; security and privacy protection of patients' data; 5G implementation with artificial intelligence, blockchain, and IoT; validation, patient acceptance and training of end-users on these technologies.
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Assessment of Human Exposure Levels Due to Mobile Phone Antennas in 5G Networks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031546. [PMID: 35162566 PMCID: PMC8835459 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent deployment of 5G networks is bringing benefits to the population but it is also raising public concern about human RF-EMF exposure levels. This is particularly relevant considering the next 5G mobile devices, which are placed in close proximity to the subjects. Therefore, the aim of the following paper is focused on expanding the knowledge of the exposure levels in 5G exposure scenarios, specifically for mobile applications, using computational methods. The mobile antenna was designed considering the 5G technology innovations (i.e., mm-wave spectrum, beamforming capability, high gain and wide coverage), resulting in a phased-array antenna with eight elements at the working frequency of 27 GHz. To assess the exposure levels, different types of skin models with different grades of details and layers were considered. Furthermore, not only was the presence of a mobile phone user simulated, but also that of a person in their proximity, who could be hit by the main beam of the phased-array antenna. All the simulations were conducted in Sim4Life platform, where the exposure levels were assessed in terms of absorbed power density averaged over 4 cm2 and 1 cm2, following the ICNIRP guidelines. The results highlighted that the use of the homogeneous skin model led to the absorbed power density peaks being greatly underestimated, with respect to those obtained in multilayer skin models. Furthermore, interestingly, we found that the exposure levels obtained for the person passing nearby were slightly higher than those experienced by the mobile phone user himself. Finally, using the allowed input power for real mobile applications, all the values remained below the limits indicated by the ICNIRP guidelines.
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Miclaus S, Deaconescu DB, Vatamanu D, Buda AM, Sarbu A, Pindaru B. Peculiarities of the radiated field in the vicinity of a mobile terminal connected to 4G versus 5G networks during various applications usage. AIMS ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3934/electreng.2022010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
<abstract>
<p>Realistic human exposures to radiation emitted by a mobile terminal connected to either a 5G network (sub-6 GHz) or to a 4G network have been scarcely assessed till now. Present experimental work aimed at comparing the radiated field in air, in a single point situated at 10 cm from a mobile phone when running a set of 5 mobile applications in the two communication standards. The time-evolution of the electric field strength in air near the terminal during 25 s of use was recorded by an original method, together with the data rate of transmission. The emitted power density dynamics, its statistics, its slope of accumulation after the usage period and its average value per transmitted bit are analyzed and compared between all the situations. The peculiarities are emphasized and they are proved to depend on the communication standard and on the mobile application.</p>
</abstract>
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Miclaus
- Department of Communications, IT & Cyber Defense, "Nicolae Balcescu" Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Delia-Bianca Deaconescu
- Doctoral School of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - David Vatamanu
- Department of Communications, IT & Cyber Defense, "Nicolae Balcescu" Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Andreea Maria Buda
- Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunication, Politehnica University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Annamaria Sarbu
- Department of Communications, IT & Cyber Defense, "Nicolae Balcescu" Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Bogdan Pindaru
- Department of Communications, IT & Cyber Defense, "Nicolae Balcescu" Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania
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Design and SAR assessment of three compact 5G antenna arrays. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21265. [PMID: 34711873 PMCID: PMC8553834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper three different multi stub antenna arrays at 27–29.5 GHz are designed. The proposed antenna arrays consist of eight single elements. The structure of feeding parts is the same but the radiation elements are different. The feeding network for array is an eight way Wilkinson power divider (WPD). To guarantee the simulation results, one of the proposed structures is fabricated and measured (namely the characteristics of S11, E-, and H-plane patterns) which shows acceptable consistency with measurement results. The simulation results by CST and HFSS show reasonable agreement for reflection coefficient and radiation patterns in the E- and H- planes. The overall size of the proposed antenna in maximum case is 29.5 mm × 52 mm × 0.38 mm (2.8 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\varvec{\lambda}}}_{0}$$\end{document}λ0). Moreover, for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) estimation, a three-layer spherical human head model (skin, skull, and the brain) is placed next to the arrays as the exposure source. The simulation results show that the performance of proposed antennas as low-SAR sources makes them ideal candidates for the safe usage and lack of impact of millimeter waves (mmW) on the human health. In all three cases of SAR simulations the value of SAR1g and SAR10g are below the standard limitations.
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Anti-Oxidative and Immune Regulatory Responses of THP-1 and PBMC to Pulsed EMF Are Field-Strength Dependent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189519. [PMID: 34574442 PMCID: PMC8471206 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells react to electromagnetic fields (EMF) by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), crucial intracellular messengers. Discrepancies in applied parameters of EMF studies, e.g., flux densities, complicate direct comparison of downstream anti-oxidative responses and immune regulatory signaling. We therefore compared the impact of different EMF flux densities in human leukemic THP1 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy donors to additionally consider a potential disparate receptivity based on medical origin. ROS levels increased in THP1 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after one hour of EMF exposure. Moreover, weak EMF mitigated the depletion of the reducing agent NAD(P)H in THP1. Neither of these effects occurred in PBMC. Landscaping transcriptional responses to varied EMF revealed elevation of the anti-oxidative enzymes PRDX6 (2-fold) and DHCR24 (6-fold) in THP1, implying involvement in lipid metabolism. Furthermore, our study confirmed anti-inflammatory effects of EMF by 6-fold increased expression of IL10. Strikingly, THP1 responded to weak EMF, while PBMC were primarily affected by strong EMF, yet with severe cellular stress and enhanced rates of apoptosis, indicated by HSP70 and caspase 3 (CASP3). Taken together, our results emphasize an altered susceptibility of immune cells of different origin and associate EMF-related effects with anti-inflammatory signaling and lipid metabolism.
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