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Nuralieva N, Chang M, Huang L, TS S. Neurocognitive Remediation Therapy: A Promising Approach to Enhance Cognition in Community Living Pilots with Depression and Anxiety. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2919-2939. [PMID: 39129790 PMCID: PMC11314441 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s446634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are pervasive mental health issues, affecting millions globally and often accompanied by cognitive impairments with significant repercussions in daily life and professions, particularly in safety-critical roles like community-living pilots. This exploration assesses Neurocognitive Remediation Therapy (NRT) as an innovative solution for addressing cognitive deficits linked to depression and anxiety in these pilots. Theoretical underpinnings of NRT draw from cognitive rehabilitation, neuropsychology, and neuroplasticity principles. Depression and anxiety often manifest as cognitive deficits, impacting attention, memory, executive functions, and decision-making. NRT interventions aim to address these impairments by enhancing cognitive flexibility, attentional control, and memory through training exercises and cognitive restructuring, empowering individuals to regain cognitive functionality and adaptability. Empirical evidence supports NRT's efficacy in enhancing cognitive functioning, showing significant improvements in attention, memory, and executive functions. This review focuses on NRT's potential to improve cognition in community pilots, demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing cognitive deficits and enhancing job performance, even in high-pressure environments like aviation. The practical implications of NRT for pilots are profound. Tailored programs can address specific cognitive challenges, such as maintaining vigilance and decision-making under stress. Integrating NRT into training regimens enhances skill sets and mental resilience, contributing to safety and success. Additionally, NRT positively impacts emotional well-being, reducing stress and improving overall quality of life. In Conclusion, NRT emerges as a promising intervention for enhancing cognitive functioning in community-living pilots with depression and anxiety. Evidence suggests its potential to improve performance, job satisfaction, and overall well-being. Further research and implementation are crucial to fully realize its benefits and ensure pilots' safety and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargiza Nuralieva
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710062, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Chang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710062, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710062, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanjayan TS
- School of Education, Goa University, Goa, India
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Haywood D, Baughman FD, Dauer E, Haywood J, Rossell S, Hart NH. It's about time: mitigating cancer-related cognitive impairments through findings from computational models of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:798. [PMID: 38965483 PMCID: PMC11223404 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cancer survivors experience cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), often with significant negative consequences across various life domains. Emerging evidence suggests that allowing additional time to process information before acting may be a useful strategy for those with CRCI to mitigate some of its impacts. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), a measure of general cognition, has shown that for some cancer survivors, longer task completion time facilitates similar task performance outcomes to control populations concerning perseveration errors; a key performance metric of the WCST. However, assessing if this strategy may be useful, as well as determining for whom it may be useful, with regard to strengths and weaknesses among select cognitive domains, is challenging due to factors such as the problem of task impurity. Accordingly, this study provides an initial computational and experimental assessment of whether additional time to process information before acting is a useful strategy for those with CRCI. METHODS We simulated individual cognitive differences observed in humans by varying contributions of executive functioning components (updating, shifting, inhibition) to yield 48 distinct computational models of the WCST. Our main manipulation was then to provide these models with more or less time (at three levels of 20, 40 and 60 cycles) before models executed an action to sort a given card. We compared the number of perseveration errors on the WCST produced by the computational models. Additionally, we determined models that simulated the performance of cancer survivors on the WCST by comparing the number of perseveration errors produced by the models to human data. RESULTS Additional processing time resulted in the models producing significantly fewer perseveration errors, supporting our hypothesis. In addition, 8 unique models simulated the performance of cancer survivors on the WCST. Additional time appeared to have a positive influence on performance primarily by mitigating the impacts of severe inhibition impairments. For more severe global executive function impairments, a substantial amount of additional time was required to mitigate the impacts of the impairments. For the most severe impairments, additional time was unable to adequately mitigate the impact on performance. CONCLUSION Additional processing time may be a useful strategy to rectify perseveration errors among cancer survivors with CRCI. Our findings have implications for the development of practical strategies, such as workload and deadline management in occupational settings, which may mitigate the negative effects of CRCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Haywood
- Human Performance Research Centre, INSIGHT Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, Sydney, NSW, 2030, Australia.
- Department of Mental Health, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
| | - Frank D Baughman
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Evan Dauer
- Human Performance Research Centre, INSIGHT Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, Sydney, NSW, 2030, Australia
- Department of Mental Health, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer Haywood
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Susan Rossell
- Department of Mental Health, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Human Performance Research Centre, INSIGHT Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, Sydney, NSW, 2030, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Cancer and Palliative Care Outcomes Centre, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Jalal B, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive dysfunction. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3000. [PMID: 37137502 PMCID: PMC10275553 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review provides an overview of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms, including the four partially distinct subtypes of the disorder, current diagnostic criteria, and common comorbidities. Critically, it focuses on the etiology of OCD, including its underlying neuropathology, and examines cognitive dysfunction in OCD. METHODS This review study was conducted by library method. RESULTS We show how dysfunction in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits may underpin symptoms; and shed light on the putative neurochemistry within these loops such as the role of serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate systems. We also show how OCD is characterized by cognitive dysfunction including problems in cognitive flexibility, visuospatial memory, response inhibition, and goal-directed behavior, linked to aberrant activity within CSTC circuits. CONCLUSIONS In brief, research questions we shed light on include (1) what are the symptoms in OCD; (2) what is the etiology of the disorder and do existing models explain OCD; and (3) what are key cognitive deficits in OCD and do these improve with treatment?
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Affiliation(s)
- Baland Jalal
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Specialist Clinic for Impulsive and Compulsive Disorders, and the Southern Gambling ServiceSouthern Health NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - Barbara J. Sahakian
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Pan Y, Xu C, He T, Wei Z, Seger CA, Chen Q, Peng Z. A network perspective on cognitive function and obsessive-compulsive related symptoms. J Affect Disord 2023; 329:428-437. [PMID: 36863477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between cognitive function and psychopathological symptoms has been an important research field in recent years. Previous studies have typically applied case-control designs to explore differences in certain cognitive variables. Multivariate analyses are needed to deepen our understanding of the intercorrelations among cognitive and symptom phenotypes in OCD. METHODS The present study used network analysis to construct networks of cognitive variables and OCD-related symptoms in patients with OCD and healthy controls (N = 226), aiming to explore the relationship among numerous cognitive function variables and OCD-related symptoms in detail and compare the network features between the two groups. RESULTS In the network of cognitive function and OCD-related symptoms, nodes representing IQ, letter/number span test, accuracy of task switching test and obsession were much important in the network in terms of their larger strengths and edges. By constructing the networks of these two groups respectively, there was a strong similarity except that the symptom's network in healthy group had a higher degree of overall connectivity. LIMITATIONS Due to the small sample size, the stability of the network cannot be guaranteed. Due to the cross-sectional nature of the data, we were unable to determine how the cognitive-symptom network would change with disease deterioration or treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights the important role of variables such as obsession and IQ from a network perspective. These results deepen our understanding of the multivariate relationship between cognitive dysfunction and OCD symptoms, and may promote the prediction and diagnosis of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanyong Xu
- Department of Child Psychiatry and Rehabilitation, Institute of Maternity and Child Medical Research, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, 518017 Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingxin He
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Department of Child Psychiatry and Rehabilitation, Institute of Maternity and Child Medical Research, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, 518017 Shenzhen, China
| | - Carol A Seger
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518061 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ziwen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China.
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Pérez-Parra JE, Restrepo-de-Mejía F. The Trail Making Test (part B) is associated with working memory: A concurrent validity study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36706083 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2171793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Test Making Test (TMT) was originally created as a distributed attention test. Part B (TMT-B) has been proposed as representative of executive functions as effective problem solving and working memory. This study aimed to explore the validity of the TMT-B as an indicator of working memory in adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using linear correlation coefficients between the TMT-B and neuropsychological and electrophysiological tests of working memory. Fifty-six individuals participated, all of which had normal cognitive functioning and were aged between 19 and 55 years old. Results show a significant correlation among the TMT-B scores with all subtests, the overall score of the Corsi Block-Tapping Test, the Working Memory Index of the WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) (p ≤ .05) and the auditory Event Related Potentials (p < .01) with the N200 and P300 latencies and amplitudes. These findings are preliminary evidence of the validity of the TMT-B for the evaluation of working memory in adults. Additional studies are required to assess the differential validity of the TMT-B in the evaluation of working memory, through comparative correlational analyzes with the results of various neuropsychological tests that assess other cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Ernesto Pérez-Parra
- Doctoral Program in Cognitive Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
- Department of Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Francia Restrepo-de-Mejía
- Doctoral Program in Cognitive Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
- Department of Basic Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
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Matcham F, Carr E, White KM, Leightley D, Lamers F, Siddi S, Annas P, de Girolamo G, Haro JM, Horsfall M, Ivan A, Lavelle G, Li Q, Lombardini F, Mohr DC, Narayan VA, Penninx BWHJ, Oetzmann C, Coromina M, Simblett SK, Weyer J, Wykes T, Zorbas S, Brasen JC, Myin-Germeys I, Conde P, Dobson RJB, Folarin AA, Ranjan Y, Rashid Z, Cummins N, Dineley J, Vairavan S, Hotopf M. Predictors of engagement with remote sensing technologies for symptom measurement in Major Depressive Disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 310:106-115. [PMID: 35525507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remote sensing for the measurement and management of long-term conditions such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is becoming more prevalent. User-engagement is essential to yield any benefits. We tested three hypotheses examining associations between clinical characteristics, perceptions of remote sensing, and objective user engagement metrics. METHODS The Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse - Major Depressive Disorder (RADAR-MDD) study is a multicentre longitudinal observational cohort study in people with recurrent MDD. Participants wore a FitBit and completed app-based assessments every two weeks for a median of 18 months. Multivariable random effects regression models pooling data across timepoints were used to examine associations between variables. RESULTS A total of 547 participants (87.8% of the total sample) were included in the current analysis. Higher levels of anxiety were associated with lower levels of perceived technology ease of use; increased functional disability was associated with small differences in perceptions of technology usefulness and usability. Participants who reported higher system ease of use, usefulness, and acceptability subsequently completed more app-based questionnaires and tended to wear their FitBit activity tracker for longer. All effect sizes were small and unlikely to be of practical significance. LIMITATIONS Symptoms of depression, anxiety, functional disability, and perceptions of system usability are measured at the same time. These therefore represent cross-sectional associations rather than predictions of future perceptions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that perceived usability and actual use of remote measurement technologies in people with MDD are robust across differences in severity of depression, anxiety, and functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matcham
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - E Carr
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - K M White
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - D Leightley
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - F Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Siddi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació San Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Annas
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - G de Girolamo
- IRCCS Instituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - J M Haro
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació San Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Horsfall
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Ivan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - G Lavelle
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Q Li
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - F Lombardini
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació San Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D C Mohr
- Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - V A Narayan
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - B W H J Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Oetzmann
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - M Coromina
- Parc Sanitari Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S K Simblett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - J Weyer
- RADAR-CNS Patient Advisory Board
| | - T Wykes
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Zorbas
- RADAR-CNS Patient Advisory Board
| | | | - I Myin-Germeys
- Department for Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Conde
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - R J B Dobson
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - A A Folarin
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Y Ranjan
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Z Rashid
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - N Cummins
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - J Dineley
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; EIHW - Chair of Embedded Intelligence for Health Care and Wellbeing, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - S Vairavan
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - M Hotopf
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Ramakrishnan S, Robbins TW, Zmigrod L. Cognitive Rigidity, Habitual Tendencies, and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: Individual Differences and Compensatory Interactions. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:865896. [PMID: 35573321 PMCID: PMC9094714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.865896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent theories have posited a range of cognitive risk factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including cognitive inflexibility and a maladaptive reliance on habits. However, empirical and methodological inconsistencies have obscured the understanding of whether inflexibility and habitual tendencies indeed shape OCD symptoms in clinical and sub-clinical populations, and whether there are notable interactions amongst these traits. The present investigation adopted an interactionist individual differences approach to examine the associations between behaviorally-assessed cognitive flexibility and subclinical OCD symptomatology in a healthy population. It also explored the nature of the interactions between cognitive flexibility and habitual tendencies, and the degree to which these cognitive traits predict subclinical OCD symptomatology. Across two studies, including a preregistration, Bayesian and regression analyses revealed that cognitive inflexibility and compulsive habitual tendencies act as unique and independent predictors of subclinical OCD symptomatology in healthy populations. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between cognitive rigidity and habitual compulsivity, which accounted for 49.4% of the variance in subclinical OCD symptomatology in Study 1, and 37.3% in Study 2. In-depth analyses revealed a compensatory effect between cognitive inflexibility and habitual compulsivity such that both are necessary for OCD symptomatology, but neither is sufficient. These results imply that in order to generate reliable and nuanced models of the endophenotype of OCD symptomatology, it is essential to account for interactions between psychological traits. Moreover, the present findings have important implications for theories on the cognitive roots of OCD, and potentially in the development of interventions that target both cognitive inflexibility and habitual compulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Ramakrishnan
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leor Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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