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Rappelt L, Donath L. Changing Horses in Midstream: Modern Pentathlon After the 2024 Olympic Games. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1347-1352. [PMID: 39168463 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The decision of the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne to replace horse riding with Obstacle after the 2024 Olympic Games challenges training, testing, and recovery management in Modern Pentathlon. This commentary discusses physiological, technical, and tactical effects of rule changes in the 5 disciplines with a specific focus on the new discipline Obstacle. Modern Pentathlon requires athletes to develop specific endurance capacities relying on both the aerobic and anaerobic systems while simultaneously increasing lower- and upper-body strength capabilities. In addition, movements must be repeatedly executed in an explosive and precise manner. Running and swimming must be fast but economical. Swapping from horse riding to Obstacle will prioritize the explosive strength of the upper extremities and core while keeping high levels of endurance and precision in swimming, fencing, and shooting. Moreover, condensing the Modern Pentathlon competition to a 90-minute television-friendly format enables more competitions in the future. Athletes and coaches will thus also need to develop and maintain effective individual peri-exercise routines (before, during, and after the competition) to successfully meet the resulting tactical and physical challenges of the new format. This commentary aims to stimulate the discussion on the effect of the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne's decisions to replace riding with the new Obstacle discipline and implement a more television-friendly format with a focus on physiological, technical, and tactical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Which of the Physiological vs. Critical Speed Is a Determinant of Modern Pentathlon 200 m Front Crawl Swimming Performance: The Influence of Protocol and Ergometer vs. Swimming Pool Conditions. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10120201. [PMID: 36548498 PMCID: PMC9787823 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern pentathlon includes horse riding, fencing, swimming, shooting and cross-country running. Events can last many hours during which the athletes face almost maximal energy and physiological demands, and fatigue. Early recognition and prevention of injuries and overuse syndromes can be achieved by refining the individual training loads. The purpose of the study was to determine which parameter could be the most accurate predictor of swimming working capacity determinants in pentathletes. METHODS Fourteen male pentathletes performed a continuous maximal incremental test in the swimming flume ergometer to measure peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and five swimming tests in a 50 m swimming pool to detect critical velocity (CV); velocity at 2 and 4 mM·L-1 of blood lactate (v2, v4) and energy cost (EC). RESULTS The 200 m swimming time was 2:18-2:32 m:s (340 FINA points). CV was 1.21 ± 0.04 m·s-1, v2 was 1.14 ± 0.09 and v4 1.23 ± 0.08 m·s-1. VO2peak was 3540.1 ± 306.2 mL·min-1 or 48.8 ± 4.6 mL·kg-1·min-1. EC at 1.24 m·s-1 was 45.7 ± 2.4 mL·kg-1·min-1. Our main finding was the large correlation of CV with 200 m swimming performance; Conclusions: Among all the protocols analysed, CV is the most predictive and discriminative of individual swimming performance in this group of pentathletes. It appears as the most suitable test to constantly refine their swimming training loads for both performance enhancement and health promotion.
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Qiao Z, Guo Z, Li B, Liu M, Miao G, Zhou L, Bao D, Zhou J. The effects of 8-week complex training on lower-limb strength and power of Chinese elite female modern pentathlon athletes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:977882. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.977882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex training (CT) is a combination training method that alternates between performing high-load resistance training (RT) and plyometric training within one single session. The study aimed to examine the effects of CT on lower-limb strength and power of elite female modern pentathlon athletes under the new modern pentathlon format and competition rules. Ten female participants (age: 23.55 ± 2.22 years, weight: 60.59 ± 3.87 kg, height: 169.44 ± 4.57 cm, and training experience: 6.90 ± 2.08 years) of the national modern pentathlon team completed 8 weeks of RT as followed by 8 weeks of CT, with 2 weeks of break. Then, the participants conducted 8 weeks of CT, which included RT combined with plyometric training (e.g., drop jump and continuous jump). All stages of training were designed by the linear strength training period theories, requiring participants to train twice for the first 4 weeks and three times for the second 4 weeks. The one-repetition maximum (1RM) of squat, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), counter-movement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), pre-stretch augmentation percentage (PSAP), and reaction strength index (RSI) were assessed before and after both RT and CT training. One-way repeated-measure ANOVA models revealed that the 1RM of squat was significantly improved (p < 0.001) after RT as compared to pre-RT. No significant improvement in IMTP (p = 0.055), CMJ (p = 0.194), SJ (p = 0.692), PSAP (p = 0.087), and RSI (p = 0.238) was not observed. After CT, 1RM of squat (p < 0.001), IMTP (p < 0.035), CMJ (p < 0.001), SJ (p < 0.008), RSI (p < 0.006) were significant improved as compared to pre-RT, post-RT and pre-CT, while significant improvements in PSAP were observed as compared to pre-RT (p = 0.003) and pre-CT (p = 0.027), but not to post-RT (p = 0.156). This pilot study showed the promise of CT following RT to improve lower-limb strength and power in elite female modern pentathlon athletes. The findings are worthwhile to be confirmed in future studies with larger sample size and randomized design.
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Pei X, Xu G, Zhou Y, Tao L, Cui X, Wang Z, Xu B, Wang AL, Zhao X, Dong H, An Y, Cao Y, Li R, Hu H, Yu Y. A simultaneous electroencephalography and eye-tracking dataset in elite athletes during alertness and concentration tasks. Sci Data 2022; 9:465. [PMID: 35918334 PMCID: PMC9345900 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dataset of simultaneous 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) and high-speed eye-tracking (ET) recordings was collected from 31 professional athletes and 43 college students during alertness behavior task (ABT) and concentration cognitive task (CCT). The CCT experiment lasting 1-2 hours included five sessions for groups of the Shooting, Archery and Modern Pentathlon elite athletes and the controls. Concentration targets included shooting target and combination target with or without 24 different directions of visual distractors and 2 types of music distractors. Meditation and Schulte Grid trainings were done as interventions. Analysis of the dataset aimed to extract effective biological markers of eye movement and EEG that can assess the concentration level of talented athletes compared with same-aged controls. Moreover, this dataset is useful for the research of related visual brain-computer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhen Pei
- Human Phenome Institute, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science, Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiying Xu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhui Zhou
- Human Phenome Institute, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science, Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luna Tao
- Shanghai Competitive Sports Training Management Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhu Cui
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingru Xu
- Human Phenome Institute, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science, Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - An-Li Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xi Zhao
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yan An
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Human Phenome Institute, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science, Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruxue Li
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Hu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuguo Yu
- Human Phenome Institute, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science, Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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