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Jeon W, Dong XN, Dalby A, Goh CH. The influence of smoothness and speed of stand-to-sit movement on joint kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation patterns. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1399179. [PMID: 38784522 PMCID: PMC11112120 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1399179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stand-to-sit (StandTS) is an important daily activity widely used in rehabilitation settings to improve strength, postural stability, and mobility. Modifications in movement smoothness and speed significantly influence the kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation patterns of the movement. Understanding the impact of StandTS speed and smoothness on movement control can provide valuable insights for designing effective and personalized rehabilitation training programs. Research question How do the smoothness and speed of StandTS movement affect joint kinematics, kinetics, muscle activation patterns, and postural stability during StandTS? Methods Twelve healthy younger adults participated in this study. There were two StandTS conditions. In the reference condition, participants stood in an upright position with their feet positioned shoulder-width apart on the force plate. Upon receiving a visual cue, participants performed StandTS at their preferred speed. In the smooth condition, participants were instructed to perform StandTS as smoothly as possible, aiming to minimize contact pressure on the seat. Lower leg kinetics, kinematics, and coordination patterns of muscle activation during StandTS were measured: (1) angular displacement of the trunk, knee, and hip flexion; (2) knee and hip extensor eccentric work; (3) muscle synergy pattern derived from electromyography (EMG) activity of the leg muscles; and (4) postural sway in the anterior-posterior (A-P), medio-lateral (M-L), and vertical directions. Results Compared to the reference condition, the smooth condition demonstrated greater eccentric knee extensor flexion and increased joint work in both the knee and hip joints. Analysis of specific muscle synergy from EMG activity revealed a significant increase in the relative contribution of hip joint muscles during the smooth condition. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between knee extensor and vertical postural sway, as well as hip extensor work and M-L postural sway. Conclusion Smooth StandTS facilitates enhanced knee eccentric control and increased joint work at both the hip and knee joints, along with increased involvement of hip joint muscles to effectively manage falling momentum during StandTS. Furthermore, the increased contributions of knee and hip joint work reduced postural sway in the vertical and M-L directions, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of targeted StandTS rehabilitation training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyoung Jeon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Xuanliang Neil Dong
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Ashley Dalby
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Chung-Hyun Goh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
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Liew BXW, Zhu X, Zhai X, McErlain-Naylor SA, McManus C. Association between fat and fat-free body mass indices on shock attenuation during running. J Biomech 2024; 165:112025. [PMID: 38431987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
High amplitudes of shock during running have been thought to be associated with an increased injury risk. This study aimed to quantify the association between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) quantified body composition, and shock attenuation across the time and frequency domains. Twenty-four active adults participated. A DEXA scan was performed to quantify the fat and fat-free mass of the whole-body, trunk, dominant leg, and viscera. Linear accelerations at the tibia, pelvis, and head were collected whilst participants ran on a treadmill at a fixed dimensionless speed 1.00 Fr. Shock attenuation indices in the time- and frequency-domain (lower frequencies: 3-8 Hz; higher frequencies: 9-20 Hz) were calculated. Pearson correlation analysis was performed for all combinations of DEXA and attenuation indices. Regularised regression was performed to predict shock attenuation indices using DEXA variables. A greater power attenuation between the head and pelvis within the higher frequency range was associated with a greater trunk fat-free mass (r = 0.411, p = 0.046), leg fat-free mass (r = 0.524, p = 0.009), and whole-body fat-free mass (r = 0.480, p = 0.018). For power attenuation of the high-frequency component between the pelvis and head, the strongest predictor was visceral fat mass (β = 48.79). Passive and active tissues could represent important anatomical factors aiding in shock attenuation during running. Depending on the type and location of these masses, an increase in mass may benefit injury risk reduction. Also, our findings could implicate the injury risk potential during weight loss programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard X W Liew
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom.
| | - Xuqi Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaojun Zhai
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A McErlain-Naylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McManus
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
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Tamura A, Shimura K, Inoue Y. Leg and Joint Stiffness of the Supporting Leg during Side-Foot Kicking in Soccer Players with Chronic Ankle Instability. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:218. [PMID: 37999435 PMCID: PMC10674260 DOI: 10.3390/sports11110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Soccer players with chronic ankle instability (CAI) may stabilize their supporting leg by the proximal joint to compensate for the ankle instability during kicking motion. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of leg and joint stiffness of the supporting leg during side-foot kicking in soccer players with CAI. Twenty-four male collegiate-level soccer players with and without CAI participated in this study. The kinematic and kinetic data were obtained using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Leg stiffness and joint (hip, knee, and ankle) stiffness in the sagittal and frontal planes were calculated and analyzed. The results clarified that soccer players with CAI (0.106 ± 0.053 Nm/°) had greater knee stiffness in knee adduction during the kicking cycle compared to those without CAI (0.066 ± 0.030 Nm/°; p = 0.046), whereas no characteristic differences were observed in knee stiffness in knee flexion and hip and ankle stiffness (p > 0.05). Knee stiffness is believed to occur to compensate for ankle joint instability in the supporting leg. Therefore, adjusting knee stiffness to accommodate ankle joint instability is crucial for maintaining kicking performance. Based on results of this study, it may be important to consider training and exercises focused on joint coordination to improve knee stiffness in soccer players with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tamura
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan
| | - Keita Shimura
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe 350-1197, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Yuri Inoue
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Konan Women’s University, Kobe 658-0001, Hyogo, Japan;
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Jeon W, Ramadan A, Whitall J, Alissa N, Westlake K. Age-related differences in lower limb muscle activation patterns and balance control strategies while walking over a compliant surface. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16555. [PMID: 37783842 PMCID: PMC10545684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence demonstrates that falls in older adults are leading causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries and lead to negative impacts on the quality of life in the aging population. Most falls in older fallers result from unrecoverable limb collapse during falling momentum control in the single limb support (SLS) phase. To understand why older adults are more likely to fall than younger adults, we investigated age-related differences in knee extensor eccentric control, lower limb muscle activation patterns, and their relation to balance control. Ten older and ten younger healthy adults were compared during balance control while walking on a compliant surface. There was a positive correlation between knee extensor eccentric work in the perturbed leg and the swinging leg's speed and margin of stability. In comparison to younger adults, older adults demonstrated (1) less eccentric work, reduced eccentric electromyography burst duration in the perturbed leg, (2) higher postural sway during SLS, and (3) impaired swinging leg balance control. The group-specific muscle synergy showed that older adults had a prominent ankle muscle activation, while younger adults exhibited a more prominent hip muscle activation. These findings provide insight into targeted balance rehabilitation directions to improve postural stability and reduce falls in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyoung Jeon
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.
| | - Ahmed Ramadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jill Whitall
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nesreen Alissa
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Westlake
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Luo Y, Li Z, Hu M, Zhang L, Li F, Wang S. Effects of fatigue on the in vivo kinematics and kinetics of talocrural and subtalar joint during landing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1252044. [PMID: 37829568 PMCID: PMC10566632 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1252044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Fatigue can affect the ankle kinematic characteristics of landing movements. Traditional marker-based motion capture techniques have difficulty in accurately obtaining the kinematics of the talocrural and subtalar joints. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fatigue on the talocrural and subtalar joints during the landing using dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS). Methods: This study included fourteen healthy participants. The foot of each participant was scanned using magnetic resonance imaging to create 3D models. High-speed DFIS was used to capture images of the ankle joint during participants performing a single-leg landing jump from a height of 40 cm. Fatigue was induced by running and fluoroscopic images were captured before and after fatigue. Kinematic data were obtained by 3D/2D registration in virtual environment software. The joint kinematics in six degrees of freedom and range of motion (ROM) were compared between the unfatigued and fatigued conditions. Results: During landing, after the initial contact with the ground, the main movement of the talocrural joint is extension and abduction, while the subtalar joint mainly performs extension, eversion, and abduction. Compared to unfatigued, during fatigue the maximum medial translation (1.35 ± 0.45 mm vs. 1.86 ± 0.69 mm, p = 0.032) and medial-lateral ROM (3.19 ± 0.60 mm vs. 3.89 ± 0.96 mm, p = 0.029) of the talocrural joint significantly increased, the maximum flexion angle (0.83 ± 1.24° vs. 2.11 ± 1.80°, p = 0.037) of the subtalar joint significantly increased, and the flexion-extension ROM (6.17 ± 2.21° vs. 7.97 ± 2.52°, p = 0.043) of the subtalar joint significantly increased. Conclusion: This study contributes to the quantitative understanding of the normal function of the talocrural and subtalar joints during high-demand activities. During landing, the main movement of the talocrural joint is extension and abduction, while the subtalar joint mainly performs extension, eversion, and abduction. Under fatigue conditions, the partial ROM of the talocrural and subtalar joints increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Luo
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuman Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengling Hu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaobai Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Adouni M, Alkhatib F, Gouissem A, Faisal TR. Knee joint biomechanics and cartilage damage prediction during landing: A hybrid MD-FE-musculoskeletal modeling. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287479. [PMID: 37535559 PMCID: PMC10399834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanics behind knee joint injuries and providing appropriate treatment is crucial for improving physical function, quality of life, and employability. In this study, we used a hybrid molecular dynamics-finite element-musculoskeletal model to determine the level of loads the knee can withstand when landing from different heights (20, 40, 60 cm), including the height at which cartilage damage occurs. The model was driven by kinematics-kinetics data of asymptomatic subjects at the peak loading instance of drop landing. Our analysis revealed that as landing height increased, the forces on the knee joint also increased, particularly in the vastus muscles and medial gastrocnemius. The patellar tendon experienced more stress than other ligaments, and the medial plateau supported most of the tibial cartilage contact forces and stresses. The load was mostly transmitted through cartilage-cartilage interaction and increased with landing height. The critical height of 126 cm, at which cartilage damage was initiated, was determined by extrapolating the collected data using an iterative approach. Damage initiation and propagation were mainly located in the superficial layers of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage. Finally, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of landing-associated cartilage damage and could help limit joint injuries and improve training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Adouni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Australian University, East Mushrif, Kuwait
| | - Fadi Alkhatib
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Australian University, East Mushrif, Kuwait
| | - Afif Gouissem
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Australian University, East Mushrif, Kuwait
| | - Tanvir R Faisal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States of America
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McCarren G, Chaput M, Grooms DR, Criss CR, Buckley S, Brazalovich P, Yom J, Simon JE. Cognitive Load Influences Drop Jump Landing Mechanics During Cognitive-Motor-Simulated Shooting. Mil Med 2023; 188:e2102-e2108. [PMID: 36722162 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Military duties require immense cognitive-motor multitasks that may predispose soldiers to musculoskeletal injury. Most cognitive challenges performed in the research laboratory are not tactical athlete specific, limiting generalizability and transferability to in-field scenarios. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a cognitive-motor multitask (forward drop jump landing while simultaneously performing simulated shooting) on knee kinetics and kinematics. METHODS Twenty-four healthy collegiate Reserve Officer's Training Corps members (18 males and 6 females, 20.42 ± 1.28 years, 174.54 ± 10.69 cm, 78.11 ± 14.96 kg) volunteered, and knee kinetics and kinematics were assessed between baseline and cognitive-loaded conditions. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted for each dependent variable with the within-subject factor of condition (baseline vs. cognitive load). RESULTS Univariate ANOVAs indicated that knee flexion angle at initial contact (IC) (decreased 6.07°; d = 3.14), knee flexion displacement (increased 6.78°; d = 1.30), knee abduction angle at IC (increased 2.3°; d = 1.46), peak knee abduction angle (increased 3.04°; d = 0.77), and peak vertical ground reaction force (increased 0.81 N/kg; d = 2.13) were significant between conditions (P < .001). Therefore, cognitive load resulted in decreased knee flexion and increased knee abduction angle at IC and greater peak vertical ground reaction force, all factors commonly associated with knee injury risk. Peak knee flexion angle and knee abduction displacement were not significant between conditions (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Cognitive challenge induced knee landing biomechanics commonly associated with injury risk. Injury risk screening or return-to-training or duty assessments in military personnel might consider both baseline and cognitive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian McCarren
- Intercollegiate Athletics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Meredith Chaput
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- School of Rehabilitation and Communications Science, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Dustin R Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- School of Rehabilitation and Communications Science, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Cody R Criss
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Sean Buckley
- Intercollegiate Athletics, Nazareth College, Rochester, NY 14618, USA
| | - Philip Brazalovich
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jae Yom
- Department of Allied Health, University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, IL 62703, USA
| | - Janet E Simon
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Muniz AMDS, Zeitoune G, Alvim F, Grassi GBA, Britto PAA, Nadal J. Do exist differences in kinematics and EMG of the hip and knee between male runners with and without patellofemoral pain in different running speeds? Phys Ther Sport 2023; 59:122-129. [PMID: 36529056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patellofemoral pain (PFP) presents a higher prevalence in female runners, while PFP in male is somehow neglected. Moreover, the effects of progressive greater running speed have not been reported. This study investigates the influence of progressive greater running speed on lower limb tridimensional kinematics and muscle activation (EMG) in male runners with PFP while compared with controls. DESIGN Cross-Sectional Design. METHODS Thirteen runners with PFP and 18 controls ran in a treadmill under three different speeds: 9, 11, and 13 km/h. Principal component scores from kinematic data and EMG onset and amplitude were used to compare groups through the Mann-Whitney test at each running speed. RESULTS Male PFP subjects presented increased hip internal rotation at 11 km/h and increased hip and knee internal at 13 km/h, as well as reduced knee adduction at all speeds. PFP subjects also ran with delayed and shorter vastus medialis oblique pre-activation compared with normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that PFP increased knee and hip internal rotation at higher demand running, therefore, it is important to evaluate the transverse plane of the hip and knee biomechanics in male runners with PFP to optimize the rehabilitation and reconditioning method of these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Mara de Souza Muniz
- Escola de Educação Física do Exército, EsEFEx, Exército Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia Biomédica - PEB/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Zeitoune
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica - PEB/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Alvim
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora, SUPREMA, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Giordano B A Grassi
- Escola de Educação Física do Exército, EsEFEx, Exército Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo A A Britto
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica - PEB/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jurandir Nadal
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica - PEB/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Tamura A, Shimura K, Inoue Y. Biomechanical Characteristics of the Support Leg During Side-Foot Kicking in Soccer Players With Chronic Ankle Instability. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221112966. [PMID: 35928176 PMCID: PMC9344159 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) in soccer players can increase the risk of
recurrent ankle varus sprains and damage the articular surface of the ankle
joint, thus increasing the risk of osteoarthritis. It is important to
understand the biomechanical characteristics of the support leg during
kicking in soccer players with CAI. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to clarify the kinematics of the kicking motion
of soccer players with CAI. It was hypothesized that at the point before
ball contact when the support leg makes flat-foot contact with the ground,
soccer players with CAI will land with ankle inversion in the support leg
during a side-foot kick compared with players without CAI. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: The study cohort included 19 male college soccer players (mean age, 20.5 ±
0.9 years) with greater than 8 years of soccer experience who were recruited
from August 2019 to March 2020. Of these athletes, 10 had CAI and 9 had no
CAI in the support leg, as diagnosed according to the Cumberland Ankle
Instability Tool. Kinematic data for the trunk, hip, knee, and foot of the
support leg during a side-foot kick were obtained using a 3-dimensional,
motion-analysis system. The Mann-Whitney U test or Student
t test was selected to identify differences in
variables between the CAI and non-CAI groups. Results: There were no significant differences in physical characteristics between the
CAI and non-CAI groups. At the point when the support leg made flat-foot
contact with the ground, the players with CAI had more eversion of the
hindfoot with respect to the tibia (-28.3° ± 12.1° vs -13.9° ± 14.2°;
P = .03), a more varus alignment of the knee (26.0° ±
10.7° vs 13.7° ± 10.5°; P = .03), and a lower arch height
index (0.210 ± 0.161 vs 0.233 ± 0.214; P = .046) compared
with non-CAI players. Conclusion: Significant differences between players with and without CAI were seen in the
support leg kinematics at flat-foot contact with the ground during the
kicking cycle. Clinical Relevance: The biomechanical alignment of the support leg during a side-foot kick in
players with CAI may reflect a subconscious attempt to avoid inversion of
the foot and further ankle sprains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keita Shimura
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Inoue
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nakabayashi Orthopaedic Clinic, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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