How Effective Is the Green Development Policy of China's Yangtze River Economic Belt? A Quantitative Evaluation Based on the PMC-Index Model

Quantitative evaluation of science and technology financial policies based on the PMC-AE index model: A case study of China's science and technology financial policies since the 13th five-year plan

The formulation of science and technology financial policies directly influences the direction of national economic development. Quantitative evaluation of these policies is an important method to reflect the consistency and strengths and weaknesses of policy interrelations. This paper analyzes 16 science and technology financial policy documents issued by the Chinese central government from 2016 to 2022, using text analysis and content analysis to extract keyword frequencies, and constructs 9 primary variables and 34 secondary variables. For the first time, a PMC-AE index model for science and technology financial policies is established, and a quantitative evaluation is conducted on 5 significant policy documents out of the 16. The results show that, from an overall analysis, Policy 1 and Policy 4 are at a good level, while the other three policies are at an excellent level. From the analysis of individual policy PMC-AE indexes, the rankings in descending order are: P2 > P5 > P3 > P4 > P1. Overall, the policies effectively meet the needs of China's science and technology financial development, with P2, P3, and P5 being at an excellent level, P4 at a good level, and P1 at an acceptable level, mainly reflecting the need for improvement in aspects such as policy synchronization with the current stage, targeted entities, guiding fields, and policy content. It is recommended that Chinese government departments should focus on five aspects in policy formulation: building a talent system for science and technology finance, improving the quality of financial services, coordinating central and local financial policies, protecting intellectual property rights in science and technology finance, and strengthening financial supervision. This will be conducive to the effective implementation of science and technology financial policies.

Experiment in resilient city: An evaluation of China's demonstration city of safe development policies

The drive of resilient city explores a new path for urban governance in the context of risk society, and China's demonstration city of safe development (DCSD) policies are the indigenous practice of resilient city idea. This paper used text mining technology and PMC-index model to establish an evaluation system for DCSD policies. Then eight representative sample DCSD policies were assessed. The results show that the average PMC-index scores 5.38 and reaches a great consistency grade. Nine model indicators indicate that the Chinese government has a clear policy focus on the efforts of DCSD, prefers to use compulsory type policy tools, and fully mobilizes the public to participate in safe city development jointly. Meanwhile, structural imbalance in policy instruments is a prominent disadvantage. The research establishes an evaluation system for DCSD policies, and provides a new perspective for the explorations of resilient cities worldwide. The extensive applicability of the policy evaluation model needs to be studied in depth in the future.

Quantitative evaluation of China's private universities provincial public funding policies based on the PMC-Index model

The special public funding policies, formulated and implemented by provincial governments, plays an important role in the development of private universities in China. However, there is a lack of scientific evaluation on the rationality and completeness of the provincial special public funding policy of China's private colleges and universities. Therefore, this paper uses PMC-index model and text mining technology to establish an evaluation index system for the provincial special public funding policy of private universities in China. Based on PMC-Index and PMC-Surface, 13 policy texts issued since 2010 were evaluated scientifically. The results show that the average PMC-Index of the 13 policies is 6.97, and the PMC-Surface map is smooth, which indicates that the overall structure of these policies is reasonable and the policy content has certain completeness. Only one policy is unacceptable. Through further analysis, we found that there is still much room for improvement in the content design of the sample policy, and its rationality and completeness are related to the publication time. This study is helpful to fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of the provincial special public funding policy of private universities in China.

How to Evaluate Green Development Policy Based on the PMC Index Model: Evidence from China

Implementing green development is important to realizing a harmonious relationship between humans and nature, and has attracted the attention of governments all over the world. This paper uses the PMC (Policy Modeling Consistency) model to make a quantitative evaluation of 21 representative green development policies issued by the Chinese government. The research finds: firstly, the overall evaluation grade of green development is good and the average PMC index of China's 21 green development policies is 6.59. Second, the evaluation of 21 green development policies can be divided into four different grades. Most grades of the 21 policies are excellent and good; the values of five first-level indicators about policy nature, policy function, content evaluation, social welfare, and policy object are high, which indicates that the 21 green development policies in this paper are relatively comprehensive and complete. Third, most green development policies are feasible. In twenty-one green development policies, there are: one perfect-grade policy, eight excellent-grade policies, ten good-grade policies, and two bad-grade policies. Fourthly, this paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of policies in different evaluation grades by drawing four PMC surface graphs. Finally, based on the research findings, this paper puts forward suggestions to optimize the green development policy-making of China.

Quantitative evaluation of China's basin ecological compensation policies based on the PMC index model

Policy evaluation is the premise of the scientific formulation and effective implementation of a basin ecological compensation policy. However, whether the formulation of the basin ecological compensation policy (BECP) is reasonable or not lacks theoretical and technical support. This study constructed a model based on the PMC and text mining methods. PMC index model enables decision-makers to determine the level of consistency and the strengths and weaknesses of any policy from multiple angles and makes the evaluation results more targeted and operable. By establishing an evaluation system for BECP and building a multi-input-output table, the score of each policy is calculated. Based on this, the rationality of nine ecological compensation policies in the Yangtze and Yellow River basins was then examined. The results show that the average value of the PMC index for the nine policies is 7.23, which indicate the formulation of the basin ecological compensation policy in China is generally reasonable. Ranking of policy scores from high to low is P2 > P1 > P5 > P7 > P3 > P4 > P6 > P9 > P8. However, deficiencies exist in policy timeliness, incentive measures, and policy receptors. In addition, there is a large gap in the formulation of policies at different levels. Moreover, the level of local policies is uneven.

How effective is the health promotion policy in Sichuan, China: based on the PMC-Index model and field evaluation

BACKGROUND

Many countries around the world highlight the health in all policies (HiAP). However, most of the related research focused on the influential factors and implementation strategies, with less concern on the evaluation of HiAP. In response to HiAP's call, the Chinese government has proposed health promotion policies (HPPs) in counties or districts, the evaluation of HPPs in sample counties or districts of Sichuan province in China is an essential basis for optimizing policy content, improving policy implementation, and ensuring health promotion's continuous and efficient operation.

METHODS

This paper established an evaluation system for HPPs based on the PMC-Index model and then quantitatively analyzed 37 representative HPPs from the pilot areas in Sichuan province. In addition, a team of experts conducted a field assessment.

RESULTS

The results showed that the average PMC index of 37 HPPs was 7.091, and correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the PMC index and expert score.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that the overall consistency of HPPs was good and proves a connection between the formulation and implementation of HPPs.

Quantitative evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine development policy: A PMC index model approach

Background

Traditional Chinese medicine development policies (TCMDPs) are essential in improving the sustainable development of TCM undertakings, of which transmissions of policy information are closely related to the actual policy effectiveness. However, the inherent components of TCMDPs had not been explored from the structural dimension of policy design.

Methods

Based on the policy modeling consistency (PMC) index model, we constructed a comprehensive evaluation system, including ten first-level and 40 second-level indicators, and focused on the TCMDPs released by the Chinese central government in the past 42 years (1980-2022) to conduct multi-dimensional inspections to TCMDPs by analyzing the overall policy quality, individual scoring performance, and indicators distribution characteristics.

Results

This study pointed out that four policies were rated as "perfect," 35 were rated as "superb," 50 were rated as "excellent," 28 were rated as "good," and four were rated as "acceptable," with total mean values of the PMC index being 7.530 ± 0.835. Although most TCMDPs had appropriate policy structure and consistency, the potential weaknesses in the design of TCMDPs also needed our attention through careful checks on the outlier policy samples. Besides, the existing TCMDPs had room for improvement regarding policy areas, guarantees and incentives, objects included, and issuing agencies.

Conclusions

We emphasized that the policy evaluation method used in this current study, the PMC index model, is scarce in the TCMDPs. These findings are helpful for fully understanding the strengths and weaknesses of TCMDPs and provide theoretical references for further studies optimizing TCMDPs.

Research on Emergency Response Policy for Public Health Emergencies in China-Based on Content Analysis of Policy Text and PMC-Index Model

Policy is an important support for risk society to prevent and resolve crises. Based on the content analysis of the policy text and PMC-Index model, this paper takes texts of 327 public health emergency response policies (PHERP) at the central level in China from 1989 to 2022 as the analysis object, designs an indicator system, and combines qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the existing policies. The results of content analysis indicate that current policy focuses on emergency rather than preventive control, the main policy-making and issuing authority is the Ministry of Health and policies are mostly issued in the form of notice. The PMC-Index of ten selected policies is all ranked above acceptable, which means that the overall quality of policy text is relatively high. However, the PMC-Surface shows that there is still considerable variability in the scores of the main indicators for each policy. The top three main scoring indicators are policy nature, policy evaluation and policy instrument, while the bottom three are policy time, policy release agency and policy target groups, which reminds us that the design of policy text can still be improved in terms of optimizing policy time, policy issuing institutions and expanding policy target groups. In response to these problems, this paper puts forward six suggestions for optimization.

Quantitative Evaluation of China's Ecological Protection Compensation Policy Based on PMC Index Model

As a comprehensive benefit coordination mechanism, ecological protection compensation has received increasing attention internationally. China has also introduced a series of policies to promote ecological protection compensation mechanism improvement. The evaluation of ecological protection compensation policies is the main basis for the formulation, adjustment and improvement of the policy. Based on the front-end perspective of policy formulation, this paper selects 10 ecological protection compensation policies issued by the State Council and various ministries in China from 2006 to 2021. A text mining-based PMC index evaluation system using the ROSTCM tool is constructed to quantitatively evaluate these 10 typical policies, and four representative policies are selected for comparative analysis. The overall design of China's ecological protection compensation policies is reasonable, and 5 out of 10 policies have good PMC index scores, which are: P1, P2, P5, P7 and P9; and 5 are at acceptable levels, which are: P3, P4, P6, P8 and P10. However, the PMC surface and the concavity index indicate that there are still some limitations that need to be improved, including the obvious internal differentiation of the policies, the single effectiveness of the policies, and the insufficient incentive and guarantee measures. Finally, this paper provides suggestions for the optimization of ecological protection compensation policies accordingly.

A Document Analysis of Peak Carbon Emissions and Carbon Neutrality Policies Based on a PMC Index Model in China

With the commitment to peaking carbon emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, the text analysis of policies related to peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality has become a hot research topic in China. However, current domestic and foreign research mainly focuses on the impact and enlightenment of carbon emission measurement and other aspects and rarely optimizes the road to carbon neutrality through the analysis of policy texts. Based on both domestic and international research results, this paper takes 11 central government, ministry, province, and city policies as the research object, uses the PMC index model to calculate the PMC indices of the 11 representative documents, and draws surfaces. The results indicate that nearly half of the policies have excellent scores, but some policies still have deficiencies in terms of guarantee incentives and policy coverage. Given these shortcomings, this paper proposes that the government should provide technical assistance to industrial enterprises in addition to certain subsidies to reduce the energy consumption of enterprises in production and achieve sustainable development. While popularizing and developing low-carbon technology, enterprises should pay attention to personnel training and management, and use the digital economy to empower the transition to eco-friendly production. Based on the above research, the main contributions of this paper are as follows: to make theoretical and practical preparations for carbon neutralization and to provide suggestions for optimizing policies.

Measuring green development level at a regional scale: framework, model, and application

In this study, we propose and construct a novel model that measures regional green development level based on the "three-circle" conceptual framework for green development. Using Jiangsu Province in eastern China as a case study, the spatial-temporal characteristics and dynamics of the green development level from 2000 to 2020 were evaluated using a multi-source dataset at the grid-cell level. Our results show that (1) the analytical hierarchy process-based model proposed herein has higher reliability in terms of the development level measurement than principal component analysis and the entropy weight method. In addition, the average score of green development in the study area was approximately 0.53. Spatially, the green development level in the eastern coastal areas of the study area was found to be generally higher than in other regions, while that in southwestern regions is relatively low. In terms of sub-regions, the green development level scores of the study area have been ranked as follows: middle Jiangsu > southern Jiangsu > northern Jiangsu. (2) It was observed that the gravity center of the green development level can be divided into three stages during the study, with a whole had shifted to the north. (3) For most cities in Jiangsu, the green development level initially increased at first, then declined, and then increased again. (4) In the future, the green development level of Jiangsu Province should pay more attention to promoting regional coordinated development and relationships between society and the environment under rapid economic development.

Quantitative Evaluation of Waste Separation Management Policies in the Yangtze River Delta Based on the PMC Index Model

Numerous policies have been formulated and implemented to strengthen waste separation management activities in many countries. Waste separation management policies (WSMPs) must be evaluated as the precondition for reducing deviations from policy implementation and improving waste separation performance. Based on text mining technology and the construction of a policy modeling consistency (PMC) index model, we conducted a quantitative evaluation of 22 WSMPs issued by central governmental departments and provinces in the Yangtze River Delta, China from 2013 to 2021 and analyzed their optimization paths. The results suggest that the PMC index of the selected WSMPs has an upward trend. The average PMC index of 22 WSMPs was 6.906, indicating good quality in the policy texts. The PMC index identified seven, nine, five, and one of the policies as being perfect, excellent, good, and acceptable, respectively. The characteristics of WSMPs were further illustrated through PMC surface charts. Based on this, optimization paths for WSMPs with lower PMC indexes are proposed, which indicate that existing WSMPs have great potential for optimization in terms of harsher constraint regulations, context-appropriate incentives, and cultivation of market participants. Finally, this study provides a beneficial reference for similar cities or countries to improve their performance in the management of waste separation and environmental protection.