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Chianese T, Cominale R, Scudiero R, Rosati L. Could Exposure to Glyphosate Pose a Risk to the Survival of Wild Animals? A Case Study on the Field Lizard Podarcis siculus. Vet Sci 2023; 10:583. [PMID: 37756105 PMCID: PMC10535126 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil contaminants (herbicides, pesticides, and heavy metals) are among the main causes of change in terrestrial ecosystems. These substances lead to a general loss of biodiversity, both of flora and fauna and being able to biomagnify and pass through the food chain, they can endanger the survival of terrestrial vertebrates at the top of this chain. This review analyzes the risks associated with exposure to glyphosate, the active principle of many herbicide products, for the reproductive health of the field lizard (Podarcis siculus) potentially exposed to the substance in its natural habitat; therefore, introducing it as a possible model organism. Data demonstrate that glyphosate is toxic for this animal, affecting the health of the reproductive organs, both in males and females, and of the liver, the main detoxifying organ and closely involved in the female reproductive process. Sharing structural and functional characteristics of these organs with many other vertebrates, the information obtained with this reptile represents a wake-up call to consider when analyzing the cost/benefit ratio of glyphosate-based substances. The data clearly demonstrate that the P. siculus lizard can be considered a good target organism to study the reproductive risk assessment and hazards of exposure to soil contaminants on wild terrestrial vertebrates.
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Nicola MRD, Cattaneo I, Nathanail AV, Carnesecchi E, Astuto MC, Steinbach M, Williams AJ, Charles S, Gestin O, Lopes C, Lamonica D, Tarazona JV, Dorne JLCM. The use of new approach methodologies for the environmental risk assessment of food and feed chemicals. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2023; 31:1-8. [PMID: 36741274 PMCID: PMC9890323 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) provide tools for supporting both human and environmental risk assessment (HRA and ERA). This short review provides recent insights regarding the use of NAMs in ERA of food and feed chemicals. We highlight the usefulness of tiered methods supporting weight-of-evidence approaches in relation to problem formulation (i.e., data availability, time, and resource availability). In silico models, including quantitative structure activity relationship models, support filling data gaps when no chemical property or ecotoxicological data are available, and biologically-based models (e.g., toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic models, dynamic energy models, physiologically-based models and species sensitivity distributions) are applicable in more data rich situations, including landscape-based modelling approaches. Particular attention is given to provide practical examples to apply the approaches described in real-world settings. We conclude with future perspectives, with regards to the need for addressing complex challenges such as chemical mixtures and multiple stressors in a wide range of organisms and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Unit of Dermatology, Milan, Italy
- Asociación Herpetológica Española, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antony John Williams
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sandrine Charles
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ophélia Gestin
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne, France
- INRAE, Riverly, Ecotoxicology, Lyon, France
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi 7266, La Rochelle, France
| | - Christelle Lopes
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dominique Lamonica
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jose Vicente Tarazona
- Spanish National Environmental Health Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Larras F, Beaudouin R, Berny P, Charles S, Chaumot A, Corio-Costet MF, Doussan I, Pelosi C, Leenhardt S, Mamy L. A meta-analysis of ecotoxicological models used for plant protection product risk assessment before their placing on the market. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157003. [PMID: 35772548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Before their placing on the market, the safety of plant protection products (PPP) towards both human and animal health, and the environment has to be assessed using experimental and modelling approaches. Models are crucial tools for PPP risk assessment and some even help to avoid animal testing. This review investigated the use of modelling approaches in the ecotoxicology section of PPP active substance assessment reports prepared by the authorities and opened to consultation from 2011 to 2021 in the European Union. Seven categories of models (Structure-Activity, ToxicoKinetic, ToxicoKinetic-ToxicoDynamic, Species Sensitivity Distribution, population, community, and mixture) were searched for into the reports of 317 active substances. At least one model category was found for 44 % of the investigated active substances. The most detected models were Species Sensitivity Distribution, Structure-Activity and ToxicoKinetic for 27, 21 and 15 % of the active substances, respectively. The use of modelling was of particular importance for conventional active substances such as sulfonylurea or carbamates contrary to microorganisms and plant derived substances. This review also highlighted a strong imbalance in model usage among the biological groups considered in the European Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. For example, models were more often used for aquatic than for terrestrial organisms (e.g., birds, mammals). Finally, a gap between the set of models used in reports and those existing in the literature was observed highlighting the need for the implementation of more sophisticated models into PPP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Larras
- INRAE, Directorate for Collective Scientific Assessment, Foresight and Advanced Studies, Paris 75338, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- INERIS, Experimental Toxicology and Modelling Unit, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Verneuil en Halatte 65550, France
| | - Philippe Berny
- UR ICE, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, F-69280 Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Sandrine Charles
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology, Villeurbanne Cedex 69622, France
| | - Arnaud Chaumot
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology laboratory, Villeurbanne F-69625, France
| | | | - Isabelle Doussan
- CNRS, INRAE, CREDECO-GREDEG, Université Côte d'azur, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Céline Pelosi
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR EMMAH, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Sophie Leenhardt
- INRAE, Directorate for Collective Scientific Assessment, Foresight and Advanced Studies, Paris 75338, France
| | - Laure Mamy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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Martinez-Haro M, Chinchilla JM, Camarero PR, Viñuelas JA, Crespo MJ, Mateo R. Determination of glyphosate exposure in the Iberian hare: A potential focal species associated to agrosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153677. [PMID: 35122841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide. It is a small and highly polar pesticide whose physicochemical properties makes its analytical determination difficult. Here, a procedure based on liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) was developed for glyphosate determination in samples of gastric content from wildlife. Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis), a herbivorous mammal species, strongly associated to agrosystems was selected as model species. The procedure involves direct analysis of sample without derivatization or instead of neither further cleaning steps. The procedure was validated by inter-day accuracy and precision studies with gastric content of hare spiked with glyphosate at ecologically relevant concentrations for the species (0.1-6 μg/g), and with 1 μg/g of isotopically labelled internal standard (glyphosate-2-13C,15N). Finally, glyphosate residues in hunted animals from pesticide-treated and pesticide-free areas (n = 75 and 28, respectively), as well as from hares found dead in the field (n = 11) were analysed. The linearity of both standards in extraction solutions and procedural calibration curves with spiked samples was similar, both with determination coefficients (r2) higher than 0.99. Satisfactory recoveries in spiked samples were achieved within the range of 95% to 118% (CV ≤ 20%). The limit of detection of glyphosate in hare gastric content was 0.03 μg/g. Prevalence of glyphosate in hunted animals from pesticide-treated areas ranged between 9 and 22%, increasing to 45% in animals found dead. The glyphosate concentrations detected in the gastric content of hares ranged from 0.11 to 16 μg/g. No residues were detected in animals from pesticide-free areas. In practice, the developed methodology may be particularly useful in the context of research and other work on the exposure in wildlife of one of the most used pesticides nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Martinez-Haro
- Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal de Castilla La Mancha (IRIAF), CIAG del Chaparrillo, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Chinchilla
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC - CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC - CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jose Alberto Viñuelas
- Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal de Castilla La Mancha (IRIAF), CIAPA de Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC - CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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