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Goode-Romero G, Dominguez L. Descriptive molecular pharmacology of the δ opioid receptor (DOR): A computational study with structural approach. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304068. [PMID: 38991032 PMCID: PMC11239112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the δ receptor (DOR), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) belonging to the opioid receptor group. DOR is expressed in numerous tissues, particularly within the nervous system. Our study explores computationally the receptor's interactions with various ligands, including opiates and opioid peptides. It elucidates how these interactions influence the δ receptor response, relevant in a wide range of health and pathological processes. Thus, our investigation aims to explore the significance of DOR as an incoming drug target for pain relief and neurodegenerative diseases and as a source for novel opioid non-narcotic analgesic alternatives. We analyze the receptor's structural properties and interactions using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and Gaussian-accelerated MD across different functional states. To thoroughly assess the primary differences in the structural and conformational ensembles across our different simulated systems, we initiated our study with 1 μs of conventional Molecular Dynamics. The strategy was chosen to encompass the full activation cycle of GPCRs, as activation processes typically occur within this microsecond range. Following the cMD, we extended our study with an additional 100 ns of Gaussian accelerated Molecular Dynamics (GaMD) to enhance the sampling of conformational states. This simulation approach allowed us to capture a comprehensive range of dynamic interactions and conformational changes that are crucial for GPCR activation as influenced by different ligands. Our study includes comparing agonist and antagonist complexes to uncover the collective patterns of their functional states, regarding activation, blocking, and inactivation of DOR, starting from experimental data. In addition, we also explored interactions between agonist and antagonist molecules from opiate and opioid classifications to establish robust structure-activity relationships. These interactions have been systematically quantified using a Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) model. This research significantly contributes to our understanding of this significant pharmacological target, which is emerging as an attractive subject for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Goode-Romero
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kappes R, Schneider V, Schweizer H, Nüske S, Knob DA, Thaler Neto A, Scholz AM. Effect of β-casein A1 or A2 milk on body composition, milk intake, and growth in Holstein, Simmental, and crossbred dairy calves of both sexes. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4033-4044. [PMID: 38246546 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of feeding homozygous β-CN A1 or A2 milk on the body composition, milk intake, and growth of German Holstein (GH), German Simmental (GS), and crossbred (CR) dairy calves of both sexes during the first 2 wk of life. A total of 104 calves (n = 54 female, f; and n = 50 male, m) from the breed groups GH (n = 23), GS (n = 61), and crossbred GH × GS (n = 20) were evaluated. Calves were weighed after birth and received colostrum ad libitum. On the second day, calves were alternately housed in pairs in double-igloo systems according to their random birth order and received either A1 milk (n = 52; 27 female and 25 male) or A2 milk (n = 52; 27 female and 25 male). They were offered 7.5 L/d, and the individual actual total milk intake was recorded. Daily energy-corrected milk intake was also calculated based on the milk composition (fat and protein). Fecal scores were recorded daily. On d 15, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume was assessed by open magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, fat and lean mass (g), as well as bone mineral content (g) and bone mineral density (g/cm2), were determined by DXA. The body composition, milk intake, and growth were similar between the 2 types of milk in the first 2 wk of life. Female calves had more VAT and fat mass, but less lean mass than male calves. GH and CR calves had more VAT and less lean mass than GS calves. Male calves were heavier than female calves after birth and on d 15. The average days with diarrhea and diarrhea occurrence were similar between calves fed A1 and A2 milk and between both sex groups. GS calves presented slightly more days with diarrhea and increased odds of having diarrhea compared with GH calves, not differing from CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kappes
- Lehr- und Versuchsgut Oberschleißheim, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (CAV-UDESC), 88.520-000 Lages, Brazil.
| | - V Schneider
- Lehr- und Versuchsgut Oberschleißheim, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - H Schweizer
- Lehr- und Versuchsgut Oberschleißheim, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - S Nüske
- Lehr- und Versuchsgut Oberschleißheim, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - D A Knob
- Organic Farming with Focus on Sustainable Soil Use, Justus Liebig University Giessen (JLU), 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - A Thaler Neto
- Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (CAV-UDESC), 88.520-000 Lages, Brazil
| | - A M Scholz
- Lehr- und Versuchsgut Oberschleißheim, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Bjørklund G, Meguid NA, Hemimi M, Sahakyan E, Fereshetyan K, Yenkoyan K. The Role of Dietary Peptides Gluten and Casein in the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Biochemical Perspectives. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04099-3. [PMID: 38472652 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper examines the role of dietary peptides gluten and casein in modulating brain function in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from a biochemical perspective. Neurotransmitter systems and neural networks are crucial for brain function, and alterations at the biochemical level can contribute to the characteristic symptoms and behaviors of ASD. The paper explores how dietary peptides influence neurotransmitter systems and neural networks, highlighting their potential as interventions to improve brain function in ASD. The evidence suggests that dietary peptides can impact neurotransmitter synthesis, release, and receptor interactions, disrupting the balance of neurotransmitter systems and affecting neural network function. The findings underscore the potential of dietary interventions in modulating brain function in ASD and call for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize clinical practice. Considering individual dietary sensitivities and preferences, personalized dietary approaches may be necessary for optimal outcomes. Dietary interventions' timing, duration, and integration with other evidence-based treatments are crucial considerations. Safety considerations and regular monitoring are important to ensure the implementation of dietary interventions safely and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Nagwa A Meguid
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Hemimi
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elen Sahakyan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Cobrain Center, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, 2 Koryun, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Pharmacy, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Katarine Fereshetyan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Cobrain Center, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, 2 Koryun, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Konstantin Yenkoyan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Cobrain Center, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, 2 Koryun, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Jeong H, Park YS, Yoon SS. A2 milk consumption and its health benefits: an update. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:491-503. [PMID: 38274187 PMCID: PMC10806982 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk is a widely consumed nutrient-rich food containing protein variants such as casein A2 and A1. A1 differs from A2 in an amino acid at position 67 (Pro67 to His67). The breakdown of β-casein yields β-casomorphins (BCM), among which BCM-7 is extensively studied for its effects on the human body. Animal studies have shown that A1 β-casein milk increases digestive transit time and enhances myeloperoxidase activity. Individuals with lactose intolerance prefer A2 milk to conventional A1 milk, as BCM-7 in A1 milk can lead to inflammation and discomfort in sensitive individuals. A2 milk, which contains A2 β-casein, is believed to be more easily digestible than A1 β-casein. Its popularity has grown owing to reports linking A1 casein to diseases such as type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and autism. A2 milk has gained popularity as an alternative to A1 milk, primarily because of its potential benefits for individuals with certain diseases. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of A2 milk consumption and its health benefits. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of A2 milk consumption and its health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijin Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoon
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493 Republic of Korea
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Gonzales-Malca JA, Tirado-Kulieva VA, Abanto-López MS, Aldana-Juárez WL, Palacios-Zapata CM. Worldwide research on the health effects of bovine milk containing A1 and A2 β-casein: Unraveling the current scenario and future trends through bibliometrics and text mining. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100602. [PMID: 37790856 PMCID: PMC10542606 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible adverse effect of consuming bovine milk with A1 β-casein (but not with A2 β-casein) on health aspects due to the release of β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) is currently under debate. The aim of this study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of studies extracted from Scopus to explore the relationship between BCM-7, A1 or A2 bovine milk with different aspects of health. Over time, several research groups were formed that are no longer active and although some authors have returned to the field of study, they have focused their efforts mainly on conducting reviews that show the same imprecise conclusions due to the few original articles. Research is concentrated in Europe and Asia, where New Zealand, China and Germany are the countries with the most publications, records and citations on the subject, respectively. On the other hand, no country in Africa or South America has scientific production, which opens the possibility of building collaborations between countries and exploring areas that lack scientific studies. Based on conflicting information from primarily in vitro and animal studies, and limited clinical trials with poor designs, A1 milk presents pro-inflammatory and oxidative activity, but the evidence is insufficient to associate its consumption with negative health effects. However, A2 milk may be better tolerated by the digestive system of some individuals, suggesting its possible modulating role in the intestinal microbiota. Stronger scientific evidence is needed to reach a consensus on whether the presence of β-casein A1 can significantly negatively affect health. The information shown will allow a better understanding of the subject and consumers will be able to make their own decisions regarding A1 or A2 milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhony Alberto Gonzales-Malca
- Laboratorio de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos, Universidad Nacional de Frontera, Peru
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Frontera, Peru
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de Vasconcelos ML, Oliveira LMFS, Hill JP, Vidal AMC. Difficulties in Establishing the Adverse Effects of β-Casomorphin-7 Released from β-Casein Variants-A Review. Foods 2023; 12:3151. [PMID: 37685085 PMCID: PMC10486734 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) is a peptide released through the proteolysis of β-casein (β-CN), which is considered a bioactive peptide displaying evidence of promoting the binding and activation of the μ-opioid receptor located in various body parts, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system and potentially the central nervous system. The possible effects of BCM-7 on health are a theme rising in popularity due to evidence found in several studies on the modulation of gastrointestinal proinflammatory responses that can trigger digestive symptoms, such as abdominal discomfort. With the advancement of studies, the hypothesis that there is a correlation of the possible effects of BCM-7 with the microbiota-gut-brain axis has been established. However, some studies have suggested the possibility that these adverse effects are restricted to a portion of the population, and the topic is controversial due to the small number of in vivo studies, which makes it difficult to obtain more conclusive results. In addition, a threshold of exposure to BCM-7 has not yet been established to clarify the potential of this peptide to trigger physiological responses at gastrointestinal and systemic levels. The proportion of the population that can be considered more susceptible to the effects of BCM-7 are evidenced in the literature review. The challenges of establishing the adverse effects of BCM-7 are discussed, including the importance of quantifying the BCM-7 release in the different β-CN genotypes. In summary, the reviewed literature provides plausible indications of the hypothesis of a relationship between β-CN A1/BCM-7 and adverse health effects; however, there is need for further, especially in vivo studies, to better understand and confirm the physiological effects of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Liliane de Vasconcelos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.d.V.); (L.M.F.S.O.)
| | - Luisa Maria F. S. Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.d.V.); (L.M.F.S.O.)
| | - Jeremy Paul Hill
- Department Sustainable Nutrition Initiative, Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand, and Fonterra Research & Development Centre, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand;
| | - Ana Maria Centola Vidal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.d.V.); (L.M.F.S.O.)
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Impact of in vitro static digestion method on the release of β-casomorphin-7 from bovine milk and cheeses with A1 or A2 β-casein phenotypes. Food Chem 2023; 404:134617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Giribaldi M, Lamberti C, Cirrincione S, Giuffrida MG, Cavallarin L. A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality. Front Nutr 2022; 9:842375. [PMID: 35571904 PMCID: PMC9094626 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.842375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-casein makes up about 30% of the total protein contained in milk and can be present in cows' milk in two distinct forms (A1 or A2) or as a combination of the two. The only difference between these two variants of β-casein (β-CN) is a single amino acid substitution. This results in a different behavior of the protein upon enzymatic cleavage, following human consumption or due to microbial action. In most of the commercially available milk containing A1 or A1/A2 β-CN variants, the β-casomorphin-7 peptide (BCM-7) is released upon digestion and during cheese manufacturing/ripening, while this does not happen with A2 milk. BCM-7 is a known μ-opioid receptor agonist that may influence the gastro-intestinal physiology directly and may also exert effects elsewhere in the body, such as on the cardiovascular, neurological and endocrine systems. The present article is aimed at a revision of prior review papers on the topic, with a focus on the impact of ingestion of A1 β-CN milk and A2 β-CN milk on any health-related outcomes and on the impact of A1 or A2 β-CN variant on technological properties of cows' milk. When systematic reviews were considered, it was possible to conclude that A2 β-CN exerts beneficial effects at the gastrointestinal level compared with A1 β-CN, but that there is no evidence of A1 β-CN having negative effects on human health. Physicochemical differences among cows' milk containing either β-CN A2 or β-CN A1 and their effects on technological properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Giribaldi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR), Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cristina Lamberti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR), Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR), Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR), Grugliasco, Italy
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New Perspectives in Health: Gut Microbiota. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105828. [PMID: 35627365 PMCID: PMC9141841 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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