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Bisio A, Panascì M, Ferrando V, Albergoni A, Ruggeri P, Faelli E. Warm-up plus verbal communications administered as placebo procedure during the training session improves running performance. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 73:102633. [PMID: 38548005 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on running performance of a within-session placebo procedure consisting of a conditioning treatment plus verbal communications. Twenty-six subjects were assigned to PLACEBO and CONTROL groups. Participants performed three sessions: Session 1-Cooper Test, Session 2-Baseline session and Session 3-Experimental session. During Session 2, participants performed a sprint-interval-training (SIT)-until-exhaustion preceded by a general warm-up, while in Session3 the SIT was preceded by a conditioning treatment (FIFA11+ warm-up), known to be effective in preventing injuries but not improving performance. Moreover, in Session3, only the PLACEBO group received verbal suggestions (before the warm-up) to influence participants' expectations about FIFA11+ effectiveness in improving performance, and deceptive feedback (during each SIT recovery bout) to increase the conditioning effect. To evaluate performance improvements, Running Time was chosen as a main outcome while to ensure participants reached exhaustion, physiological and metabolic responses were monitored. Total running distance (TRD) was also measured. Results showed that, Running Time and TRD significantly increased in the PLACEBO group whilst no differences in the CONTROL group were observed thus, suggesting the effectiveness of the within-session-placebo procedure in improving running performance. These findings shed a new light on the interaction between cognitive domain and performance, thus encouraging coaches to adopt this innovative method during the training protocol to enhance athletes' performance. Moreover, this placebo procedure, not requiring additional time, tools or resources, could represent a more ecological approach that can be easily adopted in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Bisio
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Panascì
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Ferrando
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Albergoni
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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Sasajima S, Kubo K. Effect of Static Stretching on Tendon Hysteresis and Efficiency During Repetitive Jumping. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1041-1047. [PMID: 38595295 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sasajima, S and Kubo, K. Effect of static stretching on tendon hysteresis and efficiency during repetitive jumping. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1041-1047, 2024-To date, no studies have experimentally shown a relationship between tendon hysteresis and exercise efficiency. However, previous studies showed that tendon hysteresis decreased immediately after static stretching. The purposes of this study were to (a) investigate the change in tendon hysteresis during the recovery period after static stretching and (b) determine whether exercise efficiency is enhanced because of the decline of tendon hysteresis after static stretching. For stretching (1 minute × 4 sets) and control conditions, tendon hysteresis was measured during ramp (i.e., lower strain rate of tendon) and ballistic (i.e., higher strain rate of tendon) contractions before, immediately, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after interventions. In addition, electromyograms of the plantar flexor muscles (medial gastrocnemius [MG], lateral gastrocnemius [LG], and soleus muscles [SOL]) and oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 ) were measured during 10 minutes of submaximal repetitive jumping after both interventions. Tendon hysteresis (during ramp and ballistic contractions) reduced by static stretching persisted for up to 60 minutes (effect of time p < 0.001). During repetitive jumping, no differences in electromyograms of the plantar flexor muscles (effect of condition p = 0.786 for MG, p = 0.124 for LG, p = 0.682 for SOL) or V̇O 2 (effect of condition p = 0.534) were found between stretching and control conditions. These results suggest that the reduction in tendon hysteresis because of static stretching continues until 60 minutes after the end of stretching, and static stretching does not change the efficiency (evaluated by electromyograms of the plantar flexor muscles and V̇O 2 ) during submaximal repetitive jumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Sasajima
- Department of Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Alves MDDJ, Knechtle B, Silva DDS, Fernandes MSDS, Gomes JH, Thuany M, Aidar FJ, Weiss K, De Souza RF. Effects of High-Intensity Warm-Up on 5000-Meter Performance Time in Trained Long-Distance Runners. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:254-262. [PMID: 37293424 PMCID: PMC10245000 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Warm-up protocols with high intensities before continuous running provide potential benefits for middle-distance runners. Nevertheless, the effect of high-intensity warm-ups on long-distance runners remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of a high-intensity warm-up protocol on 5000 m performance in trained runners. Thirteen male runners (34 ± 10 years, 62 ± 6 kg, 62.7 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min) performed two 5000 m time trials, preceded by two different warm-ups. One high-intensity warm up (HIWU: 1x 500 m (70% of the running intensity) + 3x 250 m (100% of the running intensity) and one low-intensity warm up (LIWU: 1x 500 m (70% of the running intensity) + 3x 250 m (70% of the running intensity)), where the running intensities were calculated using the results obtained in the Cooper test. Physiological and metabolic responses, and endurance running performance parameters, were evaluated by the Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), running rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration (BLa), and performance running. Total time for the 5000 m was lower using HIWU when compared to LIWU (1141.4 ± 110.4 s vs. 1147.8 ± 111.0 s; p = 0.03; Hedges' g = 0.66). The HIWU warm-up led to an improvement in pacing strategy during the time trial. After warm-up protocols, the performance on the CMJ was improved only when applying HIWU (p = 0.008). Post warm-up BLa was significantly higher for HIWU vs. LIWU (3.5 ± 1.0 mmol·L-1 vs. 2.3 ± 1.0 mmol·L-1; p = 0.02), with similar behavior for the RPE (p = 0.002), internal load of the session (p = 0.03). The study showed that a high-intensity warm-up protocol can improve performance in the 5000 m in trained endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael D D J Alves
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Devisson D S Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Matheus S D S Fernandes
- Graduate Program, Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - João H Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael F De Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
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Lavigne A, Chicoine D, Esculier JF, Desmeules F, Frémont P, Dubois B. The Role of Footwear, Foot Orthosis, and Training-Related Strategies in the Prevention of Bone Stress Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:721-743. [PMID: 37649463 PMCID: PMC10464778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of footwear, foot orthoses and training-related strategies to prevent lower extremity bone stress injury (BSI). Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Four bibliographic databases (from inception until November 2021): Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. Eligibility criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the risk of developing a BSI when using particular footwear, foot orthoses or training-related strategies such as muscle strengthening, stretching, and mechanical loading exercises. Results Eleven studies were included in this systematic review. When wearing foot orthoses, the risk ratio of developing a BSI on any lower extremity bone is 0.47 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.87; p = 0.02). When doing pre-exercise dynamic stretching, the risk ratio of suffering a tibial BSI is 1.06 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.68; p = 0.79). No meta-analyses could be performed for footwear or training-related strategies. The quality of evidence for all these results is low considering the high risk of bias in each study, the low number of studies and the low number of cases in each study. Conclusion This systematic review reveals the lack of high-quality studies in BSI prevention. Based on studies at high risk of bias, foot orthoses could potentially help prevent BSIs in the military setting. It is still unknown whether footwear and training-related strategies have any benefits. It is crucial to further investigate potential BSI prevention strategies in women and athletes. Research is also needed to assess the influence of running shoes and loading management on BSI incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lavigne
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, CANADA
| | | | - Jean-François Esculier
- The Running Clinic, Lac Beauport, QC, CANADA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, QC, CANADA
| | - François Desmeules
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, CANADA
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, CANADA
| | - Pierre Frémont
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA
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Konrad A, Tilp M, Stöcker F, Mehmeti L, Mahnič N, Seiberl W, Behm DG, Paternoster FK. Quadriceps or triceps surae proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching with post-stretching dynamic activities does not induce acute changes in running economy. Front Physiol 2022; 13:981108. [PMID: 36246108 PMCID: PMC9557161 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.981108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported that both a more compliant quadriceps tendon and a stiffer Achilles tendon are associated with better running economy. While tendon stiffness can be decreased by a single bout of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), post-stretching dynamic activities (PSA) can counteract the potential stretch-induced force loss. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate if a single, moderate duration, (4 × 15 s), bout of PNF stretching of either the quadriceps or triceps surae muscles followed each by PSA, causes either an improvement or impairment in running economy. Eighteen trained male runners/triathletes visited the laboratory five times. The first two visits were to familiarize the participants and to test for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) respectively. The further three appointments were randomly assigned to either 1.) quadriceps PNF stretching + PSA or 2.) triceps surae PNF stretching + PSA or 3.) no stretching + PSA. Following the interventions, participants performed a 15-min run on the treadmill with a speed reflecting a velocity of 70% VO2max to assess oxygen consumption (i.e., running economy) and running biomechanics. Our results showed neither a difference in oxygen consumption (p = 0.15) nor a change in any variable of the running biomechanics (p > 0.33) during the steady-state (i.e., last 5 min) of the 15-min run. Athletes can perform moderate duration PNF stretching of the quadriceps or triceps surae + PSA prior to a running event, without affecting running economy. Future studies should emphasize long-term training effects on tendon stiffness adaptations and running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria,Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada,*Correspondence: A. Konrad,
| | - M. Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - F. Stöcker
- Prevention Center, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - L. Mehmeti
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - N. Mahnič
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - W. Seiberl
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - D. G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - F. K. Paternoster
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Patti A, Giustino V, Cataldi S, Stoppa V, Ferrando F, Marvulli R, Farì G, Neşe ŞF, Bianco A, Muscella A, Greco G, Fischetti F. Effects of 5-Week of FIFA 11+ Warm-Up Program on Explosive Strength, Speed, and Perception of Physical Exertion in Elite Female Futsal Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10070100. [PMID: 35878111 PMCID: PMC9322867 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Futsal is a sport that originates from soccer and is increasingly practiced all over the world. Since training and warm-up protocols should be sport-specific in order to reduce injuries and maximize performance, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of 5 weeks of the FIFA 11+ warm-up program on explosive strength, speed, and perception of physical exertion in elite female futsal athletes. Twenty-nine elite female futsal athletes participating in the Italian national championships were divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG) underwent 5 weeks of the FIFA 11+ warm-up program, and the control group (CG) underwent 5 weeks of a dynamic warm-up. We evaluated any effect on explosive strength (by Squat Jump test), speed (by Agility T-test), and perception of physical exertion (by Borg CR-10 scale). All measurements were carried out by a technician of the Italian Football Federation before (T0), at the middle (T1), and at the end (T2) of the protocol. The EG showed significant improvements on performances between T0 vs. T1 and T0 vs. T2 both in the Squat Jump test (p = 0.0057 and p = 0.0030, respectively) and in the Agility T-test (p = 0.0075 and p = 0.0122). No significant differences were found in the Squat Jump test performances in the CG, while significant improvements were detected in the Agility T-test performances (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0053, T0 vs. T1 and T0 vs. T2, respectively). As for the Borg CR-10 scale, we found a significant difference between T0 and T2 in the EG (p = 0.017) and no differences in the CG. This study showed that 5 weeks of the FIFA 11+ warm-up program improves the jumping performance of female futsal athletes without adversely affecting speed. These findings can be useful for coaches and athletic trainers in order to consider FIFA 11+ warm-up program also in female futsal athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Patti
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (V.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Valerio Giustino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (V.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (R.M.); (G.G.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vito Stoppa
- FIGC Italian Football Federation, Puglia Regional Committee—Futsal Division, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Federica Ferrando
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (R.M.); (G.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Riccardo Marvulli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (R.M.); (G.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Giacomo Farì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (G.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Şahin Fatma Neşe
- Department of Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (V.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonella Muscella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (G.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (R.M.); (G.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Fischetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (R.M.); (G.G.); (F.F.)
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