Knowledge of and Intention to Participate in Physical Activity Programs and Their Associated Sociodemographic Factors in People with High Blood Pressure in a Rural Area of Bangladesh: Initial Investigation from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Association between lifestyle factors and hypertension control in Indonesian primary healthcare settings: A cross-sectional study

Introduction

A healthy lifestyle influences hypertension control. However, studies investigating the effects of lifestyle on hypertension remain elusive. This study aimed to analyse the association between lifestyle factors and hypertension control among patients with hypertension.

Methods

This cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted from June to December 2022 among 265 patients with hypertension from the Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat. The status of hypertension control was assessed by checking the serial blood pressure. The physical activity (PA) level, sleep quality, stress level and eating pattern were measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21; and 24-Hour Food Recall Questionnaire, Adolescent Food Habits Checklist and Emotional Eating Scale, respectively. Stepwise binary logistic regression and a generalised linear model were used for the statistical analysis.

Results

Approximately 72.2% of the participants had uncontrolled hypertension. The majority showed a low PA level (46%), normal stress level (94.7%), good sleep quality (80%), low caloric intake (95.5%), neutral food habit (55.5%) and low emotional eating (93.2%). Sex (P=0.030), age (P=0.018), PA level (P=0.011), sleep quality (P=0.032) and stress level (P=0.030) significantly influenced hypertension control. Specifically, moderate (odds ratio [OR]=5.868, 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.024-11.798, P=0.000) and vigorous PA levels (OR=2.188, 95% CI=1.026-4.678, P=0.042) were significantly associated with hypertension control.

Conclusion

Moderate and vigorous PA levels are lifestyle factors that may play a role in controlling hypertension.

Concordance between Different Criteria for Self-Reported Physical Activity Levels and Risk Factors in People with High Blood Pressure in a Rural District in Bangladesh

Self-reported assessment of physical activity (PA) is commonly used in public health research. The present study investigated the concordance of self-reported PA assessed using the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) and two different measurement approaches. Participants (n = 307, aged 30–75 years with hypertension) were recruited from a rural area in Bangladesh. We analyzed the difference between the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations of more than 600 metabolic-equivalent time-minutes (MET-min) and the self-reported active hours, at least 2.5 h per week. Tests of sensitivity and specificity were conducted to determine concordance between the two measures. According to the WHO criteria, 255 (83%) participants were active more than 600 MET-min per week and 172 (56%) people were physically active 2.5 h or more per week, indicating a 27% difference in self-reported PA. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and concordance between the two measures were 64%, 92%, 98%, 34% and 70%, respectively. Considering the WHO MET-min as the appropriate measure, 89 (35%) were false negative (FN). Older age, professionals and businesspersons were associated with a higher proportion of FN. There is a gap between self-reported PA, thus a better estimate of PA may result from combining two criteria to measure PA levels.