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Zhao L, Li M, Li Y, Hao H, Zhao S, Ma A, Cai J. Association between macronutrients intake and liver dysfunction among tuberculosis patients in rural China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2023; 32:444-459. [PMID: 38135480 PMCID: PMC11090397 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.202312_32(4).0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Macronutrients play a vital role in liver dysfunction and affect tuberculosis treatment and prognosis. However, macronutrients intake was inadequate for most tuberculosis patients. This study aimed to clarify the associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dys-function in tuberculosis patients. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, 2581 active tu-berculosis patients aged ≥18 years were included from local tuberculosis clinics in Linyi, China. Macronutrients intake and energy percentages were assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls. The concentration of alanine transferase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) greater than 40 U/L was defined as liver dysfunction. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) was applied to determine the dose-response relationships. RESULTS Liver dysfunction was assessed for 14.6% (377 patients) of tuberculosis patients. Higher protein (Q2-Q4 in model 1 and 2) or fat intake and fat-to-energy percentages and lower carbohydrate-to-energy percentages (Q4 in model 1) were associated with a decreased incidence of liver dysfunction (p-trend < 0.05). Among those who were male, normal BMI, or consumed energy <1636 kcal/d, inverse associations between protein or fat intake and the risks of liver dysfunction in models were suggested (p-trend < 0.05). Moreover, J-shaped curves in RCS were evident in liver dysfunction tuberculosis patients with protein or fat intake (p-nonlinearity < 0.05). Conclu-sions: Significant linear associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dysfunction prevalence were found only in male, normal BMI, or less energy intake patients. The shapes of liver dysfunction-morbidity differed significantly by macronutrients intake or energy percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haibo Hao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Shanliang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital East Branch, Linyi, China
| | - Aiguo Ma
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Zheng J, Lee J, Byun J, Yu D, Ha JH. Partial replacement of high-fat diet with n-3 PUFAs enhanced beef tallow attenuates dyslipidemia and endoplasmic reticulum stress in tunicamycin-injected rats. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1155436. [PMID: 37006935 PMCID: PMC10060633 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1155436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is considered as a complex, intertwined multiple risk factors that directly increase the risk of various metabolic diseases, especially cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. While lifestyle changes, including dietary intervention are effective in mitigating or preventing MetS, there are no specific therapies against MetS. Typical western diets comprise of high saturated fatty acid, cholesterol, and simple sugar; consequently their consumption may increase the potential pathological developmental risk of MetS. Partial replacement of dietary fatty acids with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is widely recommended measure to manage MetS-related disorders. Methods In the present study, we used rat model to investigate the role of n-3 PUFA enriched beef tallows (BT) on MetS and tunicamycin (TM)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, by partially replacing dietary fat (lard) with equal amounts of two different BTs; regular BT or n-3 PUFA-enriched BT. The experimental rats were randomly assigned to three different dietary groups (n = 16 per group): (1) high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFCD); (2) HFCD partially replaced with regular BT (HFCD + BT1); (3) HFCD partially replaced with n-3 enhanced BT (w/w) (HFCD + BT2). After 10 weeks of dietary intervention, each experimental rodent was intraperitoneally injected with either phosphate-buffered saline or 1 mg/kg body weight of TM. Results HFCD + BT2 showed improved dyslipidemia before TM injection, and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels after TM injection. BT replacement groups had significantly reduced hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels, and decreased total cholesterol (TC) and TG levels in epididymal adipose tissue (EAT). Furthermore, BT replacement remarkably attenuated TM-induced unfolded protein responses (UPRs) in liver, showing reduced ER stress, with BT2 being more effective in the EAT. Discussion Therefore, our findings suggest that partially replacing dietary fats with n-3 PUFA to lower the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs is beneficial in preventing pathological features of MetS by alleviating HFCD- and/or TM-induced dyslipidemia and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Byun
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Daeung Yu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Senior Human-Ecology, Major in Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Park S, Lee JJ, Lee J, Lee JK, Byun J, Kim I, Ha JH. Lowering n-6/ n-3 Ratio as an Important Dietary Intervention to Prevent LPS-Inducible Dyslipidemia and Hepatic Abnormalities in ob/ob Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126384. [PMID: 35742829 PMCID: PMC9224551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is closely associated with low-grade chronic and systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia, and the consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may modulate obesity-related disorders, such as inflammation and dyslipidemia. An emerging research question is to understand the dietary intervention strategy that is more important regarding n-3 PUFA consumption: (1) a lower ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs or (2) a higher amount of n-3 PUFAs consumption. To understand the desirable dietary intervention method of n-3 PUFAs consumption, we replaced lard from the experimental diets with either perilla oil (PO) or corn oil (CO) to have identical n-3 amounts in the experimental diets. PO had a lower n-6/n-3 ratio, whereas CO contained higher amounts of PUFAs; it inherently contained relatively lower n-3 but higher n-6 PUFAs than PO. After the 12-week dietary intervention in ob/ob mice, dyslipidemia was observed in the normal chow and CO-fed ob/ob mice; however, PO feeding increased the high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level; further, not only did the HDL-C level increase, the low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels also decreased significantly after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Consequently, extra TG accumulated in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) of normal chow- or CO-fed ob/ob mice after LPS injection; however, PO consumption decreased serum TG accumulation in the liver and WAT. PUFAs replacement attenuated systemic inflammation induced by LPS injection by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines but inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the serum and WAT. PO further decreased hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in comparison with the ND and CO. Hepatic functional biomarkers (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels) were also remarkably decreased in the PO group. In LPS-challenged ob/ob mice, PO and CO decreased adipocyte size and adipokine secretion, with a reduction in phosphorylation of MAPKs compared to the ND group. In addition, LPS-inducible endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress decreased with consumption of PUFAs. Taken together, PUFAs from PO and CO play a role in regulating obesity-related disorders. Moreover, PO, which possesses a lower ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs, remarkably alleviated metabolic dysfunction in LPS-induced ob/ob mice. Therefore, an interventional trial considering the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs may be desirable for modulating metabolic complications, such as inflammatory responses and ER stress in the circulation, liver, and/or WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (S.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jae-Joon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Jisu Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (S.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jennifer K. Lee
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Jaemin Byun
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA;
| | - Inyong Kim
- Food and Nutrition Department, Sunchon University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (J.-H.H.)
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (S.P.); (J.L.)
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (J.-H.H.)
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Lee J, Lee JK, Lee JJ, Park S, Jung S, Lee HJ, Ha JH. Partial Replacement of High-Fat Diet with Beef Tallow Attenuates Dyslipidemia and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in db/ db Mice. J Med Food 2022; 25:660-674. [PMID: 35617705 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.k.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption is closely associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndromes (MetS), such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Therefore, the consumption of alternative and functional fatty acids to replace saturated fatty acids and/or trans-fatty acids with polyunsaturated fatty acids has become an important dietary strategy for the prevention of MetS. Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) reduces various physiological complications, including CVDs, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and insulin resistance, related to inflammatory responses. In this study, we investigated the partial replacement effects of HFD with beef tallow (BT) on dyslipidemia and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in male db/db mice. The animals were grouped to one of four dietary intervention groups (n = 16 per group): (1) normal diet, (2) HFD, (3) HFD partially replaced with regular beef tallow (HFD+BT1), or (4) HFD partially replaced with beef tallow containing a relatively reduced omega-6 fatty acid (n-6)/n-3 ratio (HFD+BT2) than HFD+BT1. After 6 weeks of dietary intervention, 1 mg/kg of phosphate-buffered saline or tunicamycin (TM) was injected intraperitoneally. HFD+BT2 significantly suppressed the serum total cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels more than HFD and HFD+BT1, and triglyceride levels in the epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) were remarkably decreased. Mice that received HFD+BT2 had elevated protein expressions of phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). Moreover, HFD+BT2 effectively inhibited ER stress in the liver and EAT. Consistent with our hypothesis, HFD+BT2 remarkably alleviated dyslipidemia and TM-inducible ER stress, while activating p-AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jennifer K Lee
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jae-Joon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seohyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sunyoon Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Culinary Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung, Korea
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.,Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
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Son HK, Kim BH, Lee J, Park S, Oh CB, Jung S, Lee JK, Ha JH. Partial Replacement of Dietary Fat with Krill Oil or Coconut Oil Alleviates Dyslipidemia by Partly Modulating Lipid Metabolism in Lipopolysaccharide-Injected Rats on a High-Fat Diet. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:843. [PMID: 35055664 PMCID: PMC8775371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of partial replacement of dietary fat with krill oil (KO) or coconut oil (CO) on dyslipidemia and lipid metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups as follows: HFD, HFD + KO, and HFD + CO. The rats were fed each diet for 10 weeks and then intraperitoneally injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg). The KO- and CO-fed rats exhibited lower levels of serum lipids and aspartate aminotransferases than those of the HFD-fed rats. Rats fed with HFD + KO displayed significantly lower hepatic histological scores and hepatic triglyceride (TG) content than rats fed with HFD. The KO supplementation also downregulated the adipogenic gene expression in the liver. When treated with LPS, the HFD + KO and HFD + CO groups reduced the adipocyte size in the epididymal white adipose tissues (EAT) relative to the HFD group. These results suggest that KO and CO could improve lipid metabolism dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyoung Son
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Bok-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Jisu Lee
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Seohyun Park
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Chung-Bae Oh
- Office of Technical Liaison, Industry Support Team, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea;
| | - Sunyoon Jung
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jennifer K. Lee
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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