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Chen CF, Chuang CY, Wang CC, Liu SA, Chang HW, Chan KH. Lower Repetition Induces Similar Postactivation Performance Enhancement to Repetition Maximum After a Single Set of Heavy-Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:848-855. [PMID: 38039426 PMCID: PMC11042524 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chen, C-F, Chuang, C-Y, Wang, C-C, Liu, S-A, Chang, H-W, and Chan, K-H. Lower repetition induces similar postactivation performance enhancement to repetition maximum after a single set of heavy-resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 848-855, 2024-The study was divided into 2 parts to investigate the acute postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) responses to lower repetitions at the same load of 87% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the upper and lower body. In part 1, 14 athletes performed plyometric push-up (PPU) after the conditioning activity (CA) of bench press (BP). In part 2, 13 athletes performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) after the CA of parallel squat (PS). Subjects completed 3, 4, or 5 repetitions (trials CA-3, CA-4, or CA-5) of BP or PS in randomized and counterbalanced order. The velocity of each movement of the trial was recorded. The PPU or CMJ was tested every 2 minutes after the trial up to 12 minutes to assess the Post-Max and optimal individual PAPE time. The mean velocity of the last movement of BP in CA-5 was significantly lower than that in CA-3 (0.23 ± 0.06 vs. 0.28 ± 0.06 m·second -1 , p < 0.05), and the velocity of PS in CA-4 or CA-5 was significantly lower than that in CA-3 (0.53 ± 0.07 and 0.50 ± 0.05 vs. 0.57 ± 0.07 m·second -1 , p < 0.05). The peak force of PPU and jump height of CMJ at Post-Max in the 3 trials were significantly greater than those at Pre ( p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among trials in the optimal individual PAPE times in either part of the study. A single set of 87% 1RM resistance exercises with 3 or 4 repetitions in both the upper body and the lower body induces similar PAPE to repetition maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Office of General Affairs, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan; and
| | - Chih-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Business, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-An Liu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Heynen R, Gross M, Betschen T, Hübner K. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Increases Jumping Power in Elite Female Volleyball Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:22. [PMID: 38251296 PMCID: PMC10821489 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated PAPE effects of two conditioning activities (CA) and recovery times on the peak jumping power (PP) of elite female volleyball athletes. Players performed CA separately: three sets of three repetitions of back squats with 85% of 1RM (BS) or one set of five depth drops (DD). PP was measured with countermovement (CMJ) and squat jumps (SJ) before (pre-test) and two minutes (post-test 1) and six hours (post-test 2) after each CA. BS significantly reduced PP at post-test 1 (CMJ and SJ: p < 0.04, d between -0.36 and -0.28). At post-test 2, following BS, PP for both jump forms was significantly greater than at post-test 1 (p < 0.001, d between 0.54 and 0.55) and at pre-test (p < 0.048, d between 0.21 and 0.30). DD increased PP significantly (CMJ and SJ p < 0.05, d between 0.40 and 0.41) relative to pre-test at post-test 2 (there was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test 1). Comparing BS with DD, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05). The greatest PAPE effects were observed six hours after BS. CA are recommended for female athletes to improve jumping performance, but individual responses should be determined prior to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Heynen
- Department of Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland; (M.G.); (T.B.); (K.H.)
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Skala F, Zemková E. Neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive response to 4v4 small-sided game in youth soccer players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1260096. [PMID: 38028786 PMCID: PMC10665484 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1260096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical and psychological load of small-sided games (SSGs) can affect players' neuromuscular and cognitive functions. Yet, little is known about the acute performance changes after such a specific exercise in young soccer players and their association with exercise load applied. This study investigates i) the neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive response to the SSG exercise load, and ii) the relationship between pre- and post-SSG changes in variables of performance and the respective exercise load in youth soccer players. Sixteen participants (13.6 ± 0.5 years) underwent a 30-min SSG 4v4 + GK protocol. Prior to and after the SSG they performed countermovement jump (CMJ), planned and reactive Y-shaped agility tests (PA, RA), and go/no-go task (GNG). Their subjective perception of fatigue was evaluated by visual analog scale. Fatigue induced by SSG (perception of fatigue increased by 41.56%, p = .001, g = 4.15) increased PA time (4.04%, p = .002, g = .97), RA time (6.45%, p = .003, g = 1.16), and number of errors in the response inhibition task (87.1%, p = .023, rc = .57), whilst decreased CMJ height (-6.65%, p = .014, g = .56). These performance deteriorations were not significantly associated with neither internal nor external load variables. However, a less pronounced drop in performance was related to external load variables, i.e., ∆CMJ height and ∆RA time correlated with very high-speed running (rs = .66, p = .006; rs = -.50, p = .022; respectively) and maximal speed (r = .54, p = .032; r = -.52, p = .037; respectively), whilst ∆PA time was associated with high-intensity accelerations (rs = -.76, p = .002). These findings indicate that fatigue induced by SSG affects both planned and reactive agility, decision-making in response inhibition task, and explosive strength in youth soccer players regardless of significant contribution of any robust internal or external load variables. Nonetheless, high-intensity actions within SSG partially compensate for the decrements in their agility performance and explosive strength. The load variables encountered during SSG do not fully reflect youth players' neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive responses to sport-specific exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Skala
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
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Brandt M, Beinert S, Alfuth M. Network Meta-analysis of Combined Strength and Power Training for Countermovement Jump Height. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:778-798. [PMID: 37459857 DOI: 10.1055/a-2105-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Combined strength and power training in a training program is considered to improve the vertical jump, which is frequently quantified using the countermovement jump height. It is not yet clear whether one of the different training set structures, such as complex training, contrast training, compound training and traditional training, is superior to another. The aim of this review is to describe and assess the comparative effects of the set structures on countermovement jump height in healthy subjects. A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Network Meta-Analyses. Three databases were systematically searched. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. NMAs were performed using a random-effects model. Twenty-four studies were included. All interventions were superior to control (no intervention) with mean differences ranging from 2.87 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.99 to 3.74] for complex training to 3.43 (95% CI: 2.61 to 4.26) for traditional training. None of the training interventions were superior compared to each other in strength and/or power trained subjects, as well as in non-strength and/or power trained subjects. The findings support the combination of strength and power training to improve countermovement jump height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Brandt
- Physiotherapy, Academy of Applied Movement Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Further Education, M.Sc. Sport Physiotherapy, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sibylle Beinert
- Physiotherapy, Academy of Applied Movement Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Alfuth
- Department of Further Education, M.Sc. Sport Physiotherapy, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Health Care, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
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Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Pisz A, Kolinger D, Tsoukos A, Zając A, Stastny P, Bogdanis GC. Acute Effects of Varied Back Squat Activation Protocols on Muscle-Tendon Stiffness and Jumping Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1419-1427. [PMID: 36727712 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Krzysztofik, M, Wilk, M, Pisz, A, Kolinger, D, Tsoukos, A, Zając, A, Stastny, P, and Bogdanis, GC. Acute effects of varied back squat activation protocols on muscle-tendon stiffness and jumping performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1419-1427, 2023-Intensity, movement velocity, and volume are the principal factors to successfully use postactivation performance enhancement. Therefore, 15 resistance-trained volleyball players completed 3 different back squat configurations as a conditioning activity (CA) in randomized order: (a) 3 sets of 3 repetitions at 85% 1RM (HL); (b) a single set of back squats at 60% 1RM until 10% mean velocity loss (VB); (c) and 2 sets of back squats at 60% 1RM until 10% mean velocity loss (2VB) on subsequent countermovement jump performance, Achilles tendon, and vastus lateralis stiffness with concomitant front thigh skin surface temperature assessment. The measurements were performed 5 minutes before the CA and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes. The jump height was significantly increased in the second minute and at peak, post-CA compared with baseline for all conditions ( p = 0.049; ES = 0.23 and p < 0.001; ES = 0.37). Skin surface temperature was significantly increased for all post-CA time points compared with baseline in the 2VB condition ( p from <0.001-0.023; ES = 0.39-1.04) and in the fourth minute and at peak post-CA in HL condition ( p = 0.023; ES = 0.69 and p = 0.04; ES = 0.46), whereas for the VB condition, a significant decrease in peak post-CA was found ( p = 0.004; ES = -0.54). Achilles tendon stiffness was significantly decreased for second, fourth, eighth, 10th, and peak post-CA in comparison to baseline for all conditions ( p from p = 0.004-0.038; ES = -0.47 to -0.69). Vastus lateralis stiffness was significantly decreased for peak post-CA compared with baseline for all conditions ( p = 0.017; ES = -0.42). We recommend using a single set of barbell squats with a 10% velocity loss as a mechanism of fatigue control to acutely improve jump height performance and avoid unnecessary increases in training volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Krzysztofik
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Michał Wilk
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Anna Pisz
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Kolinger
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Petr Stastny
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Papla M, Ewertowska P, Krzysztofik M. Acute Effects of Complex Conditioning Activities on Athletic Performance and Achilles Tendon Stiffness in Male Basketball Players. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:281-287. [PMID: 37293425 PMCID: PMC10244990 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to compare the effects of a bilateral conditioning activity consisting of back squats and drop jumps with a unilateral one consisting of split squats and depth jumps to lateral hop over sequentially performed countermovement jump (CMJ), modified t-agility test (MAT), and Achilles tendon stiffness. Twenty-six basketball players participated in this study and were randomly and equally assigned to one of two different test groups: bilateral (B - CA) or unilateral (U - CA) conditioning activity group. The B - CA group completed 2 sets of 4 repetitions of back squats at 80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), then 10 drop jumps, while the U - CA group performed 2 sets of 2 repetitions of split squats on each leg at 80%1RM, followed by 5 depth jumps to lateral hop on each leg as conditioning activity (CA) complexes. After a warm-up and 5 min before the CA the baseline Achilles tendon stiffness, CMJ, and MAT time measurement were performed. In the 6th min after the CA, all tests were re-tested in the same order. The two-way repeated measures mixed ANOVAs revealed that both B - CA and U - CA failed to produce significant improvements in CMJ and MAT performance. In addition, a significant increase in Achilles stiffness was demonstrated with both protocols (a main effect of time: p = 0.017; effect size = 0.47; medium). This study revealed that combining back squats and drop jumps, as well as split squats and depth jumps to a lateral hop, had no effect on subsequent CMJ and MAT performance in basketball players. Based on these results, it can be assumed that combinations of exercises, even if they have similar movement patterns, may cause excessive fatigue, resulting in no PAPE effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Papla
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Ewertowska
- Division of Clinical Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Pisz A, Blazek D, Jebavy R, Kolinger D, Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Stastny P. Antagonist activation exercises elicit similar post-activation performance enhancement as agonist activities on throwing performance. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:44. [PMID: 36973790 PMCID: PMC10044369 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the acute effect of agonist and antagonist conditioning activities (CA) on medicine ball throw performance among female softball players. METHODS Thirteen national-level female softball players (age 22.2 ± 3.1 years; body mass 68.3 ± 11.3 kg; softball experience 7.3 ± 2.4 years) performed 3 medicine ball chest throws before conditioning activity (CA) and after CA respectively in 3rd, 6th, and 9th minute. CA was the bench press and bent-over barbell row with 2 sets of 4 repetitions at 60% and 80% of one-repetition maximum, and 2 sets of 4 repetition bodyweight push up. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA revealed an increase in throwing distance (p < 0.001) after bent over barbell row and push-up exercise, and an increase in throwing speed (p < 0.001) after bench press and push-up. All performance increases were in moderate effect size (Cohen d 0.33-0.41), and no differences were found between the experimental CA. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that upper body throwing performance is similar after antagonist exercise and agonist CA, both agonist and antagonist CA increase muscle power. In the resistance training practice, we recommend the interchange of agonist and antagonist CA using bodyweight push-up or submaximal intensity (80% of 1RM) bench press and bent over barbell row to succeed post-activation performance enhancement in upper limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pisz
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Blazek
- Athletic Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Jebavy
- Athletic Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Kolinger
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - M Krzysztofik
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Stastny
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Jukic I, Castilla AP, Ramos AG, Van Hooren B, McGuigan MR, Helms ER. The Acute and Chronic Effects of Implementing Velocity Loss Thresholds During Resistance Training: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Critical Evaluation of the Literature. Sports Med 2023; 53:177-214. [PMID: 36178597 PMCID: PMC9807551 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Velocity loss (VL) experienced in a set during resistance training is often monitored to control training volume and quantify acute fatigue responses. Accordingly, various VL thresholds are used to prescribe resistance training and target different training adaptations. However, there are inconsistencies in the current body of evidence regarding the magnitude of the acute and chronic responses to the amount of VL experienced during resistance training. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to (1) evaluate the acute training volume, neuromuscular, metabolic, and perceptual responses to the amount of VL experienced during resistance training; (2) synthesize the available evidence on the chronic effects of different VL thresholds on training adaptations; and (3) provide an overview of the factors that might differentially influence the magnitude of specific acute and chronic responses to VL during resistance training. METHODS This review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Five databases were searched, and studies were included if they were written in English, prescribed resistance training using VL, and evaluated at least one (1) acute training volume, neuromuscular, metabolic, or perceptual response or (2) training adaptation. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials. Multilevel and multivariate meta-regressions were performed where possible. RESULTS Eighteen acute and 19 longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria, of which only one had more than one risk of bias item assessed as high risk. Based on the included acute studies, it seems that the number of repetitions per set, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion generally increase, while countermovement jump height, running sprint times, and velocity against fixed loads generally decrease as VL increases. However, the magnitude of these effects seems to be influenced, among other factors, by the exercise and load used. Regarding training adaptations, VL experienced during resistance training did not influence muscle strength and endurance gains. Increases in VL were associated with increases in hypertrophy (b = 0.006; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.001, 0.012), but negatively affected countermovement jump (b = - 0.040; 95% CI - 0.079, - 0.001), sprint (b = 0.001; 95% CI 0.001, 0.002), and velocity against submaximal load performance (b = - 0.018; 95% CI - 0.029, - 0.006). CONCLUSIONS A graded relationship exists between VL experienced during a set and acute training volume, neuromuscular, metabolic, and perceptual responses to resistance training. However, choice of exercise, load, and individual trainee characteristics (e.g., training history) seem to modulate these relationships. The choice of VL threshold does not seem to affect strength and muscle endurance gains whereas higher VL thresholds are superior for enhancing hypertrophy, and lower VL thresholds are superior for jumping, sprinting, and velocity against submaximal loads performance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The original protocol was prospectively registered ( https://osf.io/q4acs/ ) with the Open Science Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Alejandro Pérez Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Spieszny M, Trybulski R, Biel P, Zając A, Krzysztofik M. Post-Isometric Back Squat Performance Enhancement of Squat and Countermovement Jump. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912720. [PMID: 36232019 PMCID: PMC9565011 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of isometric conditioning activity (CA) is not well described in terms of the level of performance enhancement and the presence of a stretch and shortening cycle in subsequent explosive tasks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a maximum isometric squat as the CA and a subsequent squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. A total of 31 semi-professional handball and soccer players were randomly assigned to two different conditions: (i) 3 sets of 3 repetitions (each lasting 3 s) of maximum isometric back squats (EXP), and (ii) no CA (CTRL). The jump height measurements were performed 5 min before the CA and approximately at the 4th and 8th minute following the completion of the CA. Due to the high inter-individual variability in the potentiation responses, the best value obtained post-CA was also analyzed. The SJ height significantly increased from baseline to the 8th minute post-CA (p = 0.004; ES = 0.31; Δ = +3.1 ± 5.0%) in the EXP condition. On the other hand, the CMJ height was significantly higher in the 4th (p = 0.001; ES = 0.23; Δ = +2.7 ± 3.7%) and 8th minute post-CA (p = 0.005; ES = 0.32; Δ = +3.6 ± 5.7%) in comparison to baseline during the EXP condition. Furthermore, SJ height significantly increased from baseline to the best time-point during the EXP (p < 0.001; ES = 0.47; Δ = +4.9 ± 4.9%) and CTRL (p = 0.038; ES = 0.21; Δ = +2.5 ± 5.8%) condition. Moreover, the CMJ height was significantly higher at the best time-points than at the baseline during EXP (p < 0.001; ES = 0.53; Δ = +5.6 ± 4.7%) and CTRL (p = 0.002; ES = 0.38; Δ = +3.1 ± 5.2%) condition. The findings from this study indicate that a maximum isometric squat, used as a CA, effectively improved SJ and CMJ height. This suggests that the presence or absence of a stretch and shortening cycle in both CA and post-CA tasks does not significantly impact the post-activation performance enhancement response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Spieszny
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Provita Zory Medical Center, 44-240 Zory, Poland
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, 40-659 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Biel
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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10
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Trybulski R, Makar P, Alexe DI, Stanciu S, Piwowar R, Wilk M, Krzysztofik M. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement: Save Time With Active Intra-Complex Recovery Intervals. Front Physiol 2022; 13:840722. [PMID: 35874519 PMCID: PMC9298750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.840722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether the intra-complex active recovery within the strength-power potentiating complex will impact the upper-body post-activation performance enhancement effect and how the magnitude of this effect will change across the upper-body complex training session. Thirteen resistance-trained males [the age, body mass, height, experience in resistance training, and one-repetition maximum (1RM) in bench press were 27 ± 4 years; 92.3 ± 15.4 kg; 182 ± 6 cm; 6.4 ± 2.4 years, and 118 ± 29 kg, respectively) participated in this study. Each participant completed a baseline bench press throw performance assessment at 30% 1RM. Next, five strength-power potentiating complexes consisting of a bench press at 80% 1RM were tested until the average barbell velocity decreased by 10% as a conditioning activity, and 6 min later, a re-test of bench press throw was carried out. During one experimental session during the rest interval inside the complex, they performed swiss ball leg curls, while between the complexes, a plank exercise (PAP-A) was performed. During the second experimental session, participants performed no exercises within the strength-power potentiating complexes and between them (PAP). Under control conditions, participants ran the same protocol (as the PAP condition) without the conditioning activity (CTRL). Friedman's test showed significant differences in peak (test = 90.634; p < 0.0001; Kendall's W = 0.410) and average (test = 74.172; p < 0.0001; Kendall's W = 0.336) barbell velocities during bench press throw. Pairwise comparisons indicated that the peak and average barbell velocities significantly increased in the fourth set [p = 0.022, effect size (ES) = 0.76 and p = 0.013, ES = 0.69, respectively], and the average barbell velocity was also increased in the second set (p = 0.018, ES = 0.77) in comparison to the baseline value during the PAP-A condition. Moreover, the peak barbell velocity was increased in the second (p = 0.008, ES = 0.72) and third (p = 0.019, ES = 0.76) sets compared to the baseline value during the PAP condition. This study showed that body-weight lower-body exercise as an intra-complex active recovery did not impair the upper-body post-activation performance enhancement effect across the complex training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Trybulski
- Provita Zory Medical Center, Zory, Poland.,Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Makar
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacău, Bacău, Romania
| | - Silvius Stanciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Rafał Piwowar
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Krzysztofik M, Trybulski R, Trąbka B, Perenc D, Łuszcz K, Zajac A, Alexe DI, Dobrescu T, Moraru CE. The impact of resistance exercise range of motion on the magnitude of upper-body post-activation performance enhancement. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:123. [PMID: 35799185 PMCID: PMC9264649 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Various studies have used different exercise protocols as post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) stimulus; however, little attention has been given to the effects of exercise range of motion on the PAPE effect and subsequent performance enhancement. This study aimed to compare the PAPE responses induced by the bench press performed with different ranges of motion on subsequent bench press throw performance. Methods Ten resistance-trained males (age: 26 ± 3 years; body mass: 93.2 ± 9.4 kg; height: 181 ± 6 cm; experience in resistance training: 6.3 ± 2.4 years; relative bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM) 1.54 ± 0.2 kg/body mass) performed four experimental sessions consisting of a single set of the bench press at 80%1RM until mean barbell velocity dropped by 10% as the conditioning activity (CA) with a (1) standard, (2) cambered, (3) and reversed cambered barbell or a control condition in which the participants did not perform any CA. To assess the PAPE effect, single-sets of 2 repetitions of the bench press throw at 30%1RM were performed before and after the CA at the following time points: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min. Results The two-way ANOVA (4 conditions × 2time points) showed a significant interaction for peak power (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.556) and peak velocity (p = 0.001; η2 = 0.457). The standard barbell bench press CA led to the greatest performance enhancement in peak power (p = 0.001; ES = 0.54) and in peak velocity (p = 0.002; ES = 0.71) within the examined conditions. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that the range of motion of the CA has a significant impact on the magnitude of the PAPE response, and the greatest effect can be reached when the range of motion of the CA and the subsequent explosive task is similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72A str., 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Provita Zory Medical Center, 44-240, Zory, Poland.,Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, 40-659, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trąbka
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dawid Perenc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Konrad Łuszcz
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72A str., 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacău, 600115, Bacau, Romania
| | - Tatiana Dobrescu
- Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacău, 600115, Bacau, Romania
| | - Cristina Elena Moraru
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506, Iasi, Romania
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Villalon-Gasch L, Penichet-Tomas A, Sebastia-Amat S, Pueo B, Jimenez-Olmedo JM. Postactivation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Increases Vertical Jump in Elite Female Volleyball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010462. [PMID: 35010722 PMCID: PMC8744649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify if a conditioning activity was effective to elicit postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) and to increase the performance in vertical jump (VJ) in elite female volleyball players. Eleven national Superliga-2 volleyball players (22.6 ± 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group. Countermovement jumps (CMJ) were performed on eight occasions: before (Pre-PAPE) and after activation (Post-PAPE), after the match (Pre-Match), and after each of the five-match sets (Set 1 to 5). ANOVA showed significantly increased jump performance for the experiment between baseline (Pre-PAPE) and all the following tests: +1.3 cm (Post-PAPE), +3.0 cm (Pre-Match), +4.8 cm (Set 1), +7.3 cm (Set 2), +5.1 cm (Set 3), +3.6 cm (Set 4), and +4.0 cm (Set 5), all showing medium to large effect size (0.7 < ES < 2.4). The performance of the control group did not show significant increases until Set 3 (+3.2 cm) and Set 5 (+2.9 cm), although jump heights were always lower for the control group than the experimental. The use of conditioning activity generates increased VJ performance in Post-PAPE tests and elicited larger PAPE effects that remain until the second set of a volleyball match.
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