Assessing the Ecosystem Health of Coastal Wetland Vegetation (Suaeda salsa) Using the Pressure State Response Model, a Case of the Liao River Estuary in China

Research on tourism ecological safety evaluation of Huizhou Cultural and ecological reserve based on entropy -TOPSIS

Tourism ecological security is the basic guarantee for the sustainable development of tourist sites, Huizhou Cultural and Ecological Reserve is an important area for the im-plementation of ecological protection in China, and it is of great significance to carry out research on tourism ecological security. The study adopted the DPSIR model to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system for tourism ecological security and used entropy value-TOPSIS and ArcGIS software to analyze the inter-annual changes and spatial change characteristics of tourism ecological security in the study area. The results show that: firstly, the comprehensive index of tourism ecological safety in the study area from 2010 to 2021 shows a trend of "decreasing-increasing" and an overall increasing trend; secondly, all the sub-systems show an increasing or stabilizing state in recent years during 2010-2021; the state and response sub-systems show an increas-ing or stabilizing state in recent years; and the state and response sub-systems show an increasing trend in recent years. Secondly, all the subsystems showed an increase or stabilization in recent years between 2010 and 2021, and the state and response sub-systems are the main systems to improve the ecological safety of tourism in the study area; thirdly, the difference in the level of ecological safety of tourism in each county of the study area increased and then narrowed from 2010 to 2021, and the change of safety level usually shifted between neighboring levels, and the probability of transfer-ring across the levels was relatively small. , Shexian County, Yixian County, Qimen County, Tunxi District, and the tourism eco-safety level of Huangshan District, Hui-zhou District, Jixi County, and Xiuning County increased at a faster rate than other counties. The study further extends the scale to the district and county level, tries to explore the relevant factors affecting the ecological security of tourism, and proposes countermeasures for the sustainable development of the study area based on the re-sults, which will bring some reference value to the ecological governance and policy formulation of this kind of research.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Ecological Vulnerability and Its Influencing Factors in Shenyang City of China: Based on SRP Model

For Shenyang, the central city of Northeast China, its municipal-level Territorial Spatial Planning is of great significance to the whole of Northeast China. Territorial Spatial Planning is an essential carrier of China's ecological civilization construction. The demarcation of "three districts and three lines" defines the scope of ecological protection areas, which is of guiding significance to the future development of ecological civilization construction. The regional ecological vulnerability assessment can provide reference for ecological pattern planning and the demarcation of ecological red lines in "three districts and three lines". In order to explore the spatial distribution pattern of ecological vulnerability in Shenyang, predict the development trend of ecological vulnerability in the future and guide the construction of ecological civilization in Shenyang and provide certain basis for Shenyang's Territorial Spatial Planning and the delineation of "three districts and three lines". This paper based on the "sensitivity-resilience-pressure" model selected 13 indexes, to evaluate the ecological vulnerability of Shenyang from 2010 to 2020. Furthermore, the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ecological vulnerability in Shenyang are summarized using spatial autocorrelation analysis and geographic detector model, and the future development trend of ecological vulnerability in Shenyang in 2025 is predicted by using CA-Markov model. The results show that: (1) In 2010, 2015 and 2020, the total area of slightly vulnerable areas in Shenyang was large, and the ecological vulnerability showed a gradually vulnerable spatial change trend from south to north and from west to east. (2) The results of geographical detectors show that normalized difference vegetation index, economic density and nighttime light intensity are the main driving factors of ecological vulnerability in Shenyang. (3) The forecast result of CA-Markov model is reliable. In 2025, the ecological vulnerability of Shenyang will be mainly light and extreme vulnerability areas, and the areas of light and extreme vulnerability areas will increase in 2025. The research results can provide some reference for the delineation of "three districts and three lines" and ecological protection in Shenyang's Territorial Spatial Planning, and have certain significance for promoting regional sustainable development and balancing ecological protection and economic development.

Spatial Relationships and Impact Effects between Urbanization and Ecosystem Health in Urban Agglomerations along the Belt and Road: A Case Study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

A healthy ecosystem is fundamental for sustainable urban development. Rapid urbanization has altered landscape patterns and ecological functions, resulting in disturbances to ecosystem health. Exploring the effects of urbanization on ecosystem health and the spatial relationships between them is significant for cities along the "Belt and Road" aiming to achieve sustainable regional development. This study took the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) as an example and measured the urbanization level (UL) and ecosystem health index (EHI) from 2000 to 2020 using multisource data. We used bivariate spatial autocorrelation, the geographically weighted regression model (GWR), and the optimal parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD) model to clarify the impact of urbanization on ecosystem health and the spatial relationship between them from multiple perspectives. The major findings of this study were: (1) the EHI in the GBA decreased significantly during the study period, dropping from 0.282 to 0.255, whereas the UL increased significantly, exhibiting opposite spatial distribution features; (2) there was a significant negative spatial correlation between UL and the EHI and significant spatial heterogeneity between high-low and low-high types in the GBA; (3) the negative effects of urbanization on ecosystem health were predominant and becoming more pronounced in the central GBA. Moreover, urbanization had an increasingly significant negative effect, leading to the deterioration of ecosystem health, in the central GBA. Population urbanization drove land urbanization, which became the main factor affecting ecosystem health in the GBA. Overall, urbanization had a significant negative effect on ecosystem health, with this impact being particularly prominent in the core urban junctions of the GBA, which require urgent attention. The results of the study provide a basis for decision making in the context of the steady urbanization and ecosystem health protection of cities along the "Belt and Road".

Temporal and Spatial Distribution Changes, Driving Force Analysis and Simulation Prediction of Ecological Vulnerability in Liaoning Province, China

As China’s main grain-producing region, the ecological security pattern of Liaoning Province has an extremely important impact on the ecological security of Northeast China and even the whole country. Furthermore, the construction of the ecological security pattern is restricted by the ecological vulnerability assessment in order to explore the ecological vulnerability pattern of spatial distribution and the trend of future vulnerability development in Liaoning Province and guide how to formulate ecological protection policies scientifically. Based on the sensitivity–resilience–pressure (SRP) conceptual model which is combined with natural and socio-economic factors, the ecological vulnerability evaluation index system of Liaoning Province is established in this paper. This paper also evaluates the ecological vulnerability of Liaoning Province from 2010 to 2020 and analyzes the driving factors by using a geographic detector and the CA-Markov model. Moreover, the study forecasts the growing tendency of vulnerability in 2025. The results show that (1) the ecological vulnerability of Liaoning Province is mainly light and has medium vulnerability, which gradually decreases from northwest to southeast; (2) the spatial heterogeneity of the ecological vulnerability index (EVI) is very significant in the southeast and northwest region but not significant in the middle; (3) from the past decade to the next five years, the ecological vulnerability of Liaoning Province has been improving, and the overall distribution pattern of ecological vulnerability is relatively stable; (4) the analysis of driving factors indicates that the impact of natural environmental factors such as land-use type and habitat quality on EVI is more significant than socio-economic factors such as population density. The research results implicate that it is necessary to formulate an ecological protection and restoration plan in Liaoning Province to prevent further ecological degradation in high-value areas of northwest Liaoning, and to balance the relationship between human development and ecological protection and restoration in the metropolitan district.