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Raslan S, Smith DH, Reis IM, Peifer SJ, Forman G, Ezeh UC, Joshi P, Koester M, Buitron I, Al-Awady A, Halgowich J, Liu H, Gordon C, Hooper MW, Sweeny L, Franzmann EJ. Soluble CD44 in oral rinses for the early detection of cancer: a prospective cohort study in high-risk individuals. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:820. [PMID: 39030509 PMCID: PMC11264816 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are 54,000 new cases of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer in the United States and more than 476,000 worldwide each year. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma make up most tumors with five-year survival rates of 50% due to prevalence of late-stage diagnoses. Improved methods of early detection in high-risk individuals are urgently needed. We aimed to assess the tumorigenic biomarkers soluble CD44 (solCD44) and total protein (TP) measured using oral rinses as affordable convenient screening tools for cancer detection. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we recruited 150 healthy current or former smokers through a community screening program. Baseline and four annual visits were conducted from March 2011-January 2016 with records followed until August 2020. Participants provided oral rinses, received head and neck exams, and completed questionnaires. SolCD44 and TP levels were measured and compared across groups and time. Participants were placed in the cancer group if malignancy developed in the study period, the suspicious group if physical exams were concerning for premalignant disease or cancer in the head and neck, and the healthy group if there were no suspicious findings. This analysis used two-sample t-test for comparison of means and two-sample Wilcoxon Test for comparison of medians. For subjects with follow-ups, estimated means of biomarkers were obtained from a fitted Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RANOVA) model including group, visit, and their interaction. Pairwise comparisons of mean solCD44 were made, including intergroup and intragroup comparison of values at different years. RESULTS Most participants were males (58.7%), < 60 years of age. (90.7%), and Black (100%). Baseline mean solCD44 was elevated (2.781 ng/ml) in the cancer group compared to the suspicious group (1.849 ng/ml) and healthy group (1.779 ng/ml). CONCLUSION This study supports the feasibility of a CD44-based oral rinse test as an affordable and convenient adjunctive tool for early detection of aerodigestive tract and other cancers in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahm Raslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Drew H Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Isildinha M Reis
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sophia J Peifer
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Garrett Forman
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Uche C Ezeh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Priyashma Joshi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Margaret Koester
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | | | - Abdurrahman Al-Awady
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jerri Halgowich
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Huaping Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Claudia Gordon
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Monica Webb Hooper
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Larissa Sweeny
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Franzmann
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1475 NW 12th Ave, 310B, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Jeleff M, Haider S, Schiffler T, Gil-Salmerón A, Yang L, Barreto Schuch F, Grabovac I. Cancer risk factors and access to cancer prevention services for people experiencing homelessness. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e128-e146. [PMID: 38307679 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most pressing global health issues, and populations with complex needs, such as people experiencing homelessness, have higher cancer incidence and mortality rates compared with the housed population. We mapped the evidence on cancer risk factors as well as barriers and facilitators to cancer prevention services among people experiencing homelessness, which is key to localising research gaps and identifying strategies for tailored interventions adapted to people experiencing homelessness. The results of 40 studies contribute to an understanding of the dynamic, interactive factors at different levels that determine access to cancer prevention services: socioeconomic, psychological, and physical factors (individual level); practical support and relational loops between health-care providers and people experiencing homelessness (interpersonal level); housing and regular medical care (system level); and interventions to facilitate access to cancer prevention (policy level). Furthermore, studies reported higher prevalence of various cancer-associated risk factors among people experiencing homelessness with the most common being tobacco use, ranging from 26% to 73%. The results show the importance of interventions to facilitate cancer prevention services through social support and low-threshold interventions (eg, navigation programmes), and training health-care staff in creating supportive and trusting environments that increase the likelihood of the continuity of care among people experiencing homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Jeleff
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Haider
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tobias Schiffler
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alejandro Gil-Salmerón
- International Foundation for Integrated Care, Oxford, UK; International University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada; Department of Oncology and Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Felipe Barreto Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Igor Grabovac
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sykes EA, Weisbrod N, Rival E, Haque A, Fu R, Eskander A. Methods, Detection Rates, and Survival Outcomes of Screening for Head and Neck Cancers: A Systematic Review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 149:1047-1056. [PMID: 37796524 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2023.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Importance Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are often diagnosed at advanced clinical stages during their symptomatic phase, leading to a reduced treatment window and poor survival. Screening programs have been suggested as a mitigation strategy. Objective To examine the effectiveness of current HNC screening programs in improving diagnosis and survival in adults. Evidence Review This Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses-guided systematic review involved use of peer-reviewed, English-language journal articles identified from MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials between January 1, 2001, and July 15, 2022. Snowballing was applied to retrieve more studies. Eligible articles were original clinical trials and observational studies presenting a universal or risk-targeted screening program of primary HNC in the adult population. Reporting quality was assessed using the JBI's critical appraisal tools. Findings Database searches yielded 3646 unique citations with an additional 8 studies found via snowballing. Five reviewers assessed the full text of 106 studies. Sixteen articles were ultimately included in the review, involving 4.7 million adults (34.1%-100% male; median age, 30-59 years). Fifteen studies were based in Asia and 1 in Europe (Portugal). Five reported data from randomized clinical trials. An oral inspection conducted once or once every 2 to 3 years was described in 11 studies for screening oral cancer, while multistep screening involving Epstein-Barr virus serologic testing for nasopharyngeal carcinoma delivered every 1 to 4 years was presented in 5. In 4 trials and 6 observational studies, screening significantly increased the detection of localized (stage I/II) tumor or was associated with an increased proportion of diagnoses, respectively, regardless of the population and cancer subsites. Universal screening of asymptomatic adults improved 3- to 5-year overall survival but did not increase cancer-specific survival in 4 trials. Targeted screening improved overall and cancer-specific survival or was associated with improved survival outcomes in 2 trials and 2 observational studies, respectively. Studies had low to medium risks of bias. Conclusions and Relevance Evidence from the existing literature suggests that a risk-targeted screening program for oral and nasopharyngeal cancers could improve diagnosis and patient survival. Screening adherence, societal cost-effectiveness, and optimal risk stratification of such a program warrant future research, especially in low-incidence settings outside Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Sykes
- Odette Cancer Centre-Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Weisbrod
- Odette Cancer Centre-Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Rival
- Odette Cancer Centre-Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aminul Haque
- Department of Dental & Faciomaxillary Surgical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rui Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoine Eskander
- Odette Cancer Centre-Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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