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Rum L, Romagnoli R, Lazich A, Sciarra T, Balletti N, Piacentini MF, Boraschi A, Bergamini E. Expert Consensus on Classification and Performance in Paralympic Powerlifting: A Delphi Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 103:753-760. [PMID: 38547030 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Paralympic sports, classification ensures fair competition by grouping athletes based on their impairments. The International Paralympic Committee has provided scientific principles to guide evidence-based classification procedures. In Paralympic Powerlifting, athletes compete in one class, divided by sex and bodyweight categories, overlooking impairment impact on performance. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish a consensus among international Paralympic powerlifting experts regarding classification and performance issues to guide future research. METHODS A two-round Delphi study was conducted involving 26 experts. The study sought to identify the adequacy of the current classification and competition systems, explore the impact of various impairments, and lay the initial groundwork for a performance determinants model. RESULTS Experts agreed that existing classification and competition systems in Paralympic powerlifting do not align with Paralympic standards. Impairments from neurological conditions and those causing anthropometric changes were suggested to have opposing performance impacts. Initial directions for a performance determinants model were outlined, focusing on arm and bar kinematics, anthropometry, and body composition. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the need for comprehensive research in Paralympic powerlifting, revealing critical discrepancies between current classification system and Paralympic standards. Insights into the multifaceted relationship between impairments and performance are provided to shape the future of Paralympic powerlifting research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rum
- From the Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy (LR, RR, MFP, EB); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (LR); Defense Veterans Center, Celio Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy (AL, TS, NB); DIAG, University of Rome "Sapienza,", Rome, Italy (AL); STAKE Lab, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy (NB); and Para Powerlifting section, Italian Weightlifting Federation 'FIPE', Rome, Italy (AB)
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Rum L, Romagnoli R, Lazich A, Sciarra T, Balletti N, Piacentini MF, Boraschi A, Bergamini E. Variability analysis of muscle activation symmetry to identify indicators of individual motor strategy: a case series on elite Paralympic powerlifters. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1290964. [PMID: 38022778 PMCID: PMC10655026 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1290964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Paralympic powerlifting competitions, movement execution symmetry is a technical requirement influenced by individual athlete characteristics and motor strategies. Identifying the elements associated with individual motor strategies can offer valuable insight for improving sport performance. Therefore, this case series study aimed to explore muscle activation symmetry and its intra- and inter-individual variability to determine the muscles mostly related to individual motor strategies in elite Paralympic powerlifters. Methods Bilateral electromyographic activation of the anterior deltoid (AD), pectoralis major (PM), latissimus dorsi (LD), triceps (TRI) and external oblique (EO) muscles were analysed in five elite Paralympic powerlifters while performing four sets of one-repetition maximum of Paralympic bench press. Muscle activation symmetry indexes (SI) were obtained and transformed to consider individual-independent evaluation. The coefficient of variation (CV), variance ratio (VR), and mean deviation (MD) were computed to assess inter- and intra-individual variability in electromyographic waveforms and SI. Results Both transformed and non-transformed SI indicated overall symmetric activation in DA, PM, TRI, and LD. Transformed SI revealed asymmetrical muscle activation of EO when grouping data (mean bilateral difference: 10%). Athletes exhibited low intra-individual SI variability in all analysed muscles (CV < 10%) and low inter-individual variability in DA, PM, LD, and TRI (CV < 10%; VR: 4%-11%; MD: 29%-43%). In contrast, higher inter-individual variability was observed in EO (CV: 23%; VR: 23%; MD: 72%-81%). Conclusion The highest variability and asymmetry in abdominal muscle activation among athletes emphasize the importance of personalized training approaches for targeting these muscles due to their role in individualizing motor strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rum
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ruggero Romagnoli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Lazich
- Defense Veterans Center, Celio Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
- Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Sciarra
- Defense Veterans Center, Celio Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Balletti
- Defense Veterans Center, Celio Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
- STAKE Lab, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Boraschi
- Para Powerlifting Section, Italian Weightlifting Federation ‘FIPE’, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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dos Santos L, Aidar FJ, Souza RLM, de Matos DG, Cataldi S, Greco G, Getirana-Mota M, Marçal AC, Souza LMV, dos Santos JL, de Almeida-Neto PF, Cabral BGDAT, Badicu G, Nobari H, de Souza RF. Evaluating the Asymmetry of Muscle Activation and Strength in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:1645-1654. [PMID: 37754458 PMCID: PMC10528492 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strength training is a complex task, as it requires a combination of many variables. In paralympic powerlifting (PP) asymmetries for the evaluation of activation, and static force indicators have been increasingly studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate the asymmetries in the strength and muscle activation indicators, before and after a training session of PP athletes. METHODOLOGY Twelve elite athletes from the PP participated in the study, and asymmetry was evaluated through surface electromyography (sEMG) and static strength indicators. Evaluations were made before and after a protocol of five series of five repetitions (5 × 5), with 80% of 1-Maximum Repetition (1RM). RESULTS In the pectoral muscles, there were differences in the non-dominant limbs between the before and after in the sEMG. There were differences in the pectoralis muscle in the non-dominant limb between moments before (110.75 ± 59.52%) and after (130.53 ± 98.48%, p < 0.001), and there was no difference in triceps activation. In the Maximum Isometric Strength (MIF), there was a difference in the non-dominant limb between before (710.36 ± 129.36) and after (620.27 ± 69.73; p < 0.030). There was a difference before in the dominant (626.89 ± 120.16; 95% CI 550.55-703.24) and non-dominant (710.36 ± 129.36; p = 0.011) limbs. There was no difference in time to MIF. CONCLUSION PP athletes showed small levels of asymmetry before and after training, and adaptation to training tends to promote fewer asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo dos Santos
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.); (M.G.-M.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.V.S.); (J.L.d.S.); (R.F.d.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.); (M.G.-M.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.V.S.); (J.L.d.S.); (R.F.d.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil;
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Luiz Mesquita Souza
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil;
- Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Cardiovascular & Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Márcio Getirana-Mota
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.); (M.G.-M.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.V.S.); (J.L.d.S.); (R.F.d.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil;
- Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.); (M.G.-M.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.V.S.); (J.L.d.S.); (R.F.d.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Lucio Marques Vieira Souza
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.); (M.G.-M.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.V.S.); (J.L.d.S.); (R.F.d.S.)
| | - Jymmys Lopes dos Santos
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.); (M.G.-M.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.V.S.); (J.L.d.S.); (R.F.d.S.)
| | - Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (P.F.d.A.-N.); (B.G.d.A.T.C.)
| | | | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Raphael Frabrício de Souza
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.); (M.G.-M.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.V.S.); (J.L.d.S.); (R.F.d.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil;
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
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Mišić NŽ, Ostojić M, Cvetković S, Miodragović P, Aničić Z, Kovačić Popović A, Stefanović Đ. Wavelet Analysis of Respiratory Muscle sEMG Signals during the Physiological Breakpoint of Static Dry End-Expiratory Breath-Holding in Naive Apneists: A Pilot Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7200. [PMID: 37631736 PMCID: PMC10459781 DOI: 10.3390/s23167200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The wavelet spectral characteristics of three respiratory muscle signals (scalenus (SC), parasternal intercostal (IC), and rectus abdominis (RA)) and one locomotor muscle (brachioradialis (BR)) were analyzed in the time-frequency (T-F) domain during voluntary breath-holding (BH), with a focus on the physiological breakpoint that is commonly considered the first involuntary breathing movement (IBM) that signals the end of the easy-going phase of BH. The study was performed for an end-expiratory BH physiological breaking point maneuver on twelve healthy, physically active, naive breath-holders/apneists (six professional athletes; six recreational athletes, and two individuals in the post-COVID-19 period) using surface electromyography (sEMG). We observed individual effects that were dependent on muscle oxygenation and each person's fitness, which were consistent with the mechanism of motor unit (MU) recruitment and the transition of slow-twitch oxidative (type 1) to fast-twitch glycolytic (type 2) muscle fibers. Professional athletes had longer BH durations (BHDs) and strong hypercapnic responses regarding the expiratory RA muscle, which is activated abruptly at higher BHDs in a person-specific range below 250 Hz and is dependent on the BHD. This is in contrast with recreational athletes, who had strong hypoxic responses regarding inspiratory IC muscle, which is activated faster and gradually in the frequency range of 250-450 Hz (independent of the person and BHD). This pilot study preliminarily indicates that it is possible to noninvasively assess the physiological characteristics of skeletal muscles, especially oxygenation, and improve physical fitness tests by determining the T-F features of elevated myoelectric IC and RA activity during BH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Ž. Mišić
- Division of Computational Bioengineering, Research & Development Institute Lola Ltd., 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.O.); (S.C.)
| | - Mirko Ostojić
- Division of Computational Bioengineering, Research & Development Institute Lola Ltd., 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.O.); (S.C.)
| | - Saša Cvetković
- Division of Computational Bioengineering, Research & Development Institute Lola Ltd., 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.O.); (S.C.)
| | - Petar Miodragović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Zdravko Aničić
- Laboratory of Methodology and Research, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Anita Kovačić Popović
- Department of Defectology and Clinical Psychology, Medika College for Vocational Studies in Healthcare, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Đorđe Stefanović
- Department for Basic Sports, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Santos LCV, Aidar FJ, Villar R, Greco G, de Santana JL, Marçal AC, de Almeida-Neto PF, de Araújo Tinoco Cabral BG, Badicu G, Nobari H, de Souza RF, da Silva Júnior WM. Evaluation of the Training Session in Elite Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes Based on Biomechanical and Thermal Indicators. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:151. [PMID: 37624131 PMCID: PMC10459933 DOI: 10.3390/sports11080151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paralympic powerlifting (PP) is performed on a bench press, aiming to lift as much weight as possible in a single repetition. PURPOSE To evaluate thermal asymmetry and dynamic force parameters with 45 and 80% 1 Repetition Maximum (1 RM) in PP athletes. METHODS Twelve elite PP male athletes were evaluated before and after a training session regarding skin temperature (thermography) and dynamic force indicators (Average Propulsive Velocity-MPV, Maximum Velocity-VMax, and Power). The training consisted of five series of five repetitions (5 × 5) with 80% 1 RM. The force indicators and dynamics before and after (45% 1 RM) were evaluated in series "1" and "5" with 80% 1 RM. RESULTS The temperature did not present asymmetry, and there were differences between the moment before and after. In MPV, Vmax, and Power, with 45% 1 RM, there were differences both in asymmetry and in moments (p < 0.005). With 80% 1 RM, asymmetry was observed, but no differences between moments (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION No thermal asymmetry was observed. There were reductions in MVP and VMax at 45 and 80% 1 RM but without significant differences between time points (before and after). However, there was asymmetry in the moments before and after within a safety standard, where Paralympic powerlifting was safe in terms of asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Christine Vieira Santos
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.C.V.S.); (A.C.M.); (R.F.d.S.); (W.M.d.S.J.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.C.V.S.); (A.C.M.); (R.F.d.S.); (W.M.d.S.J.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (R.V.); (J.L.d.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Villar
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (R.V.); (J.L.d.S.)
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Jefferson Lima de Santana
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (R.V.); (J.L.d.S.)
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.C.V.S.); (A.C.M.); (R.F.d.S.); (W.M.d.S.J.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (P.F.d.A.-N.); (B.G.d.A.T.C.)
| | | | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Raphael Frabrício de Souza
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.C.V.S.); (A.C.M.); (R.F.d.S.); (W.M.d.S.J.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Walderi Monteiro da Silva Júnior
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.C.V.S.); (A.C.M.); (R.F.d.S.); (W.M.d.S.J.)
- Graduate Program of Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
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Puce L, Trabelsi K, Trompetto C, Mori L, Marinelli L, Currà A, Faelli E, Ferrando V, Okwen P, Kong JD, Ammar A, Bragazzi NL. A Bibliometrics-Enhanced, PAGER-Compliant Scoping Review of the Literature on Paralympic Powerlifting: Insights for Practices and Future Research. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:2319. [PMID: 36421643 PMCID: PMC9690829 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralympic powerlifting (PP), formerly known as "International Paralympic Committee" (IPC) powerlifting, is the format of powerlifting adapted for athletes with disabilities, and it differs from the version for able-bodied athletes in that it consists of bench press only. According to the mandate of the IPC, PP athletes should be enabled to achieve sporting excellence. As such, rigorous evidence is needed. However, to the best of our knowledge, there exists no systematic assessment of the body of scholarly evidence in the field of PP. Therefore, the present study was conducted to fill in this gap of knowledge, by conducting a scoping review of the literature enhanced by a bibliometrics analysis and by mining two major scholarly databases (MEDLINE via PubMed and Scopus). The aim was to provide a review/summary of the findings to date to help practitioners and athletes. Thirty-seven studies were retained in the present study. These covered the following thematic areas: (i) warm-up strategies (n = 2); (ii) aspects of training (n = 2); (iii) physiological aspects and responses (n = 2); (iv) psychological aspects and responses (n = 2); (v) biomechanics of bench press (n = 8); (vi) recovery strategy (n = 5); (vii) impact of the disability and type of disability (n = 4); (viii) epidemiology of PP (n = 6); and (ix) new analytical/statistical approaches for kinematics assessments, internal load monitoring, and predictions of mechanical outputs in strength exercises and in PP (n = 6). Bibliometrics analysis of the PP-related scientific output revealed that, despite having already become a paralympic sports discipline in 1984, only in the last few years, PP has been attracting a lot of interest from the community of researchers, with the first scholarly contribution dating back to 2012, and with more than one-third of the scientific output being published this year (2022). As such, this scholarly discipline is quite recent and young. Moreover, the community dealing with this topic is poorly interconnected, with most authors contributing to just one article, and with one single author being a hub node of the author network. Distributions of the number of articles and the authors/co-authors were found to be highly asymmetrical, indicating that this research is still in its infancy and has great room as well as great potential to grow. Reflecting this, many research topics are also overlooked and underdeveloped, with the currently available evidence being based on a few studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Currà
- Academic Neurology Unit, A. Fiorini Hospital, 04019 Terracina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Ferrando
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrick Okwen
- Effective Basic Services (eBASE), Bamenda 5175, Cameroon
| | - Jude Dzevela Kong
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Academic Institute of Sport Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Does the Level of Training Interfere with the Sustainability of Static and Dynamic Strength in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes? SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Paralympic powerlifting (PP) presents adaptations that the training tends to provide, mainly concerning the mechanical variables. Objective: Our aim was to analyze mechanical, dynamic and static indicators, at different intensities, on the performance of paralympic powerlifting athletes. Methods: 23 athletes of PP, 11 national level (NL) and 12 regional level (RL) performed dynamic and static tests over a comprehensive range of loads. The study evaluated regional and national level athletes and the influence on the training level on the performance of strength. The study was carried out in four weeks, with the first week to familiarize with the one repetition maximum (1RM), day 1, and there was a 72-h rest and familiarization with dynamic and static tests carried out day 2. In week 2, the 1RM tests were performed (day 1 and 72 h later), and the static tests were performed with a distance of 15 cm from the bar to the chest, with the tests of maximum isometric strength, time to maximum isometric strength, rate of force development (RFD), impulse, variability and fatigue index (IF) taking place on day 2. In weeks three and four dynamic tests were performed, including means propulsive velocity, maximum velocity, power and prediction of one maximum repeat. Results: Differences were found, with better results than for RL in relation to NL in MVP (45%, 55%, and 75% 1RM), in VMax (50%, 55%, 75% and 95% 1RM). In power, the NL had better results (40%, 45%, 50%, 60% and 95% 1RM). Conclusion: RL athletes tend to present better results with regard to velocity, however in power, NL athletes tend to present better performances.
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