Sexual Risk Behavior and Lifetime HIV Testing: The Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences

Adverse childhood experiences, HIV and sexual risk behaviors - Five sub-Saharan countries, 2018-2020

BACKGROUND

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to have negative, lasting effects on health including increasing the likelihood of engaging in sexual risk behaviors.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify associations between exposures to ACEs and sexual risk behaviors and HIV service utilization among young people.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING

A sample of 8023 sexually active young people (19-24 year olds) from five sub-Saharan African countries participated Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys (VACS).

METHODS

Descriptive analysis of demographic variables, individual ACEs, cumulative ACEs, sexual risk behaviors, HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment (ART) and Antenatal Care (ANC) attendance were completed. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations between both individual and cumulative ACEs, sexual HIV risk behaviors, and service utilization while controlling for important covariates such as demographic, having ever been pregnant, had an STI, and used contraception.

RESULTS

Exposure to three or more ACEs was higher among males (26.1 %) compared to females (21.3 %); p = 0.003. The most prominent sexual risk behavior for females was having sexual partners who were at least 5 years older (45.7 % compared to males 3.7 %; p < 0.0001) whereas in males it was no or infrequent condom use (45.3 % compared to females 30.1 %; p < 0.0001). Males and females exposed to childhood sexual violence had seven and four times the odds of engaging in transactional sex (aOR = 7.34, 95 % CI: [3.5-15.0]) and (aOR =3.75, 95 % CI: [2.3-6.2], respectively. Females exposed to three or more ACEs were four times more likely to engage in transactional sex (aOR = 4.85, 95 %, CI: [1.6-14.4]) compared to those who did not experience any ACEs. Males exposed to three or more ACEs were two times more likely to engage in early sexual debut (aOR = 2.2, 95 % CI: [1.3-3.4]),]) compared to those who did not experience any ACEs. Females who had witnessed IPV or violence in the community had significantly higher odds of getting tested for HIV (aOR = 2.16, 95 % CI: [1.63-2.87]) and (aOR = 1.36, 95 % CI: [1.03-1.81]), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that experiencing ACEs during childhood is associated with higher HIV risk behaviors in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with unique differences between males and females.

Adverse childhood experiences and human immunodeficiency virus testing among adults with human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviours

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poor HIV testing in adulthood yet, they have not been extensively described in those at increased risk for HIV. Cross-sectional analysis data (n = 204,231) on ACEs and HIV testing were obtained from the 2019-2020 Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. Weighted logistic regression models were used to access the association of ACEs exposure, ACEs score, and ACEs type with HIV testing among adults with HIV risk behaviours, and stratified analysis was also performed to examine gender differences. The results indicated the overall rate of HIV testing was 38.8% and was higher among those with HIV risk behaviours (64.6%) than those without (37.2%). In populations with HIV risk behaviours, the negative association of HIV testing with ACEs exposure, ACEs score, and ACEs type was identified. Relative to those without ACEs, adults who were exposed to ACEs might decrease the rate of HIV testing, participants with ≥4 ACEs scores were less likely to have HIV testing, and childhood exposure to sexual abuse had the greatest impact on HIV testing. For both males and females, childhood exposure to ACEs was associated with lower odds of HIV testing and ACEs score ≥4 had the most robust associations with HIV testing. For males, those who experienced witnessed domestic violence had the lowest odds of HIV testing but the odds of engaging in HIV testing for females were the lowest among those who experienced childhood sexual abuse.

The Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage in US Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to adverse health outcomes in adulthood. Access to preventive health care services, including genital human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinations, may mitigate the impact of ACEs on adverse health outcomes. Our objective was to assess associations between ACEs and HPV vaccination coverage among young adults.

METHODS

We included 3415 respondents aged 18 to 29 years to the 2019-2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ACE and HPV vaccination modules. Adverse childhood experiences included emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; household intimate partner violence, substance abuse, and mental illness; and parental separation/divorce and incarcerated household member. We used log-binomial regression models to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between ACEs and self-reported HPV vaccination and completion. Secondary outcomes included influenza vaccination uptake, time since routine checkup, HIV testing history, and HIV-related risk behavior.

RESULTS

Several ACEs were positively associated with HPV vaccination initiation, including emotional abuse (PR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.17-1.43), intimate partner violence (PR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00-1.30), substance abuse (PR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.08-1.33), and mental illness (PR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.22-1.50). Similar associations were observed for completion. Conversely, most ACEs were negatively associated with influenza vaccination (PRs from 0.72 to 1.00) and with recent checkup (PRs from 0.92 to 1.00). Adverse childhood experiences were positively associated with having had an HIV test (PRs from 1.19 to 1.56) and HIV-related risk behavior (PRs from 1.19 to 2.07).

CONCLUSIONS

The unexpected positive associations between ACEs and HPV vaccination coverage could be due to opportunities to receive HPV vaccination in late adolescence or early adulthood while accessing STI/HIV prevention or treatment services. Future studies should evaluate associations between ACEs and timely HPV vaccination in early adolescence.