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den Hollander S, Culvin A, Kerkhoffs G, Gouttebarge V. Match workload and international travel associated with (ACL) injuries in professional women's football. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:1423-1431. [PMID: 39266225 PMCID: PMC11451578 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Women's football has grown in popularity, competitiveness and professionalism, increasing the demands placed on players and their injury risk. This study aimed to identify differences in the match workload and international travel between injured and non-injured professional women's footballers. The study was conducted as an observational, retrospective, case-control study over two football seasons (2021/2022 and 2022/2023) in four top-tier European women's football leagues. Fifty-eight professional women football players (81 injuries) formed the injury group and were matched with 81 elite women football players (162 non-injuries), from the same league, to form the control group. For each injury, cumulative match workload (minutes played, appearances, days between matches, rest) and international travel (distances, time, time zones crossed) were calculated over a 28-day period preceding the injury, for both the injured players and matched controls. The injured group had a higher number of instances of less than 5 days between matches compared to the controls (p = 0.03, effect size = 0.3, small). The anterior cruciate ligament injury group made more appearances (p = 0.09, effect size = 0.8, moderate), had more instances of less than 5 days between matches (p = 0.09, effect size = 0.8, moderate) and had less rest time (p = 0.12, effect size = 0.8, moderate) than the control group. No meaningful differences were observed between the hamstring injury group and the control group. These findings underscore the importance of careful consideration when developing match fixture schedules in elite women's football, particularly concerning the number of matches scheduled in a short period. Strategies to increase rest and recovery are recommended to safeguard players against injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Culvin
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO)HoofddorpThe Netherlands
- Centre for Social Justice in Sport and SocietyLeeds Beckett UniversityLeedsUK
| | - Gino Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC LocationDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence‐Based Sports Medicine (ACES)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement SciencesAging & VitalityMusculoskeletal Health, SportsAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS)IOC Research Center of ExcellenceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO)HoofddorpThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC LocationDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence‐Based Sports Medicine (ACES)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement SciencesAging & VitalityMusculoskeletal Health, SportsAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS)IOC Research Center of ExcellenceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Section of Sports MedicineUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
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Oliveira-Júnior O, Gabbett TJ, Bittencourt NFN, Quintão RC, Reis GF, Claudino JG, Lasmar RCP, Leopoldino AAO. Potential financial loss and risk factors for hamstring muscle injuries in elite male Brazilian soccer players: a season-long prospective cohort pilot study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1360452. [PMID: 39381257 PMCID: PMC11458431 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1360452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the potential financial loss and a range of potential risk factors for hamstring muscle injuries in elite Brazilian soccer. Methods Thirty-four male players (age: 25 ± 6 years; stature: 180 ± 8 cm; body mass: 78 ± 9 kg; minutes played in matches: 2243 ± 1423 min) from an elite professional soccer club were monitored during a 12-month season. Muscle injury was identified by magnetic resonance imaging and the severity was defined according to the number of days away: minimal (1-3 days), mild (4-7 days), moderate (8-28 days), severe (>28 days). Potential financial loss due to the team's under achievements was determined. Dorsiflexion range of motion, eccentric knee flexor strength and isokinetic tests were performed during the pre-season. Association between dependent variables and the occurrence of injury was evaluated. Results Nine hamstring muscle injuries with moderate severity were found in 8 athletes. Recovery time was 22 days off the field on average. Potential financial loss was $-43.2 million USD and earnings on merit money was 21%. Previous injury, increased flexor deficit 60° /sec and increased flexor fatigue index 300°/sec were all associated with a greater chance of hamstring muscle injury. Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was significantly lower in the injured group (35.6 ± 3° vs. 39.1 ± 4.9°; p = 0.017, effect size = -0.74). Conclusion High financial burden was found in elite Brazilian soccer during one full season. Injured athletes had high hamstring fatigue index, knee flexor strength deficit, ankle range of motion restriction and previous hamstring muscle injury when compared to non-injured athletes. Therefore, preventive approaches in professional soccer players with previous hamstring injuries should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otaviano Oliveira-Júnior
- Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Medical Department of Professional Soccer, Clube Atlético Mineiro, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tim J. Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalia F. N. Bittencourt
- Soccer Science Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto C. Quintão
- Medical Department of Professional Soccer, Clube Atlético Mineiro, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F. Reis
- Medical Department of Professional Soccer, Clube Atlético Mineiro, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João G. Claudino
- Sports Science, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. P. Lasmar
- Medical Department of Professional Soccer, Clube Atlético Mineiro, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Amanda A. O. Leopoldino
- Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Wu J, Zhao F, Li C. Analyzing activity and injury risk in elite curling athletes: seven workload monitoring metrics from session-RPE. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1409198. [PMID: 39193197 PMCID: PMC11347442 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1409198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to compare the differences in the performance of seven session-rating of perceived exertion (RPE)-derived metrics (coupled and uncoupled acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), weekly ratio of workload change, monotony, standard deviation of weekly workload change, exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), and robust exponential decreasing index (REDI)) in classifying the performance of an injury prediction model after taking into account the time series (no latency, 5-day latency, and 10-day latency). Design The study documented the RPE of eight curlers in their daily training routine for 211 days prior to the Olympic Games. Methods Seven Session-RPE (sRPE)-derived metrics were used to build models at three time series nodes using logistic regression and multilayer perceptron. Receiver operating characteristic plots were plotted to evaluate the model's performance. Results Among the seven sRPE-derived metrics multilayer perceptron models, the model without time delay (same-day load corresponding to same-day injury) exhibited the highest average classification performance (86.5%, AUC = 0.773). EMWA and REDI demonstrated the best classification performance (84.4%, p < 0.001). Notably, EMWA achieved the highest classifying accuracy in the no-delay time series (90.0%, AUC = 0.899), followed by the weekly load change rate under the 5-day delay time series (88.9%, AUC = 0.841). Conclusion EWMA without delay is a more sensitive indicator for detecting injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wu
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Sports Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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den Hollander S, Kerkhoffs G, Gouttebarge V. The Impact of Match Workload and International Travel on Injuries in Professional Men's Football. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:212. [PMID: 39195588 PMCID: PMC11360389 DOI: 10.3390/sports12080212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
There are concerns over the impact of the congested international match calendar on professional footballers' physical and mental well-being, and injury susceptibility. This study aimed to determine whether there were differences in match workload and international travel between injured and non-injured male football players over two elite competition seasons. An observational, retrospective, case-control study was conducted using data from the 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 seasons of five top-tier European men's football leagues. Student t-tests were used to compare cumulative match workload and international travel data over a 28-day period preceding 1270 injuries and 2540 controls. There were significant differences in match workload and international travel variables between the injured groups (all injuries and hamstring injuries) and the control group. Match workload variables were higher (p < 0.01), recovery variables lower (p < 0.01), and international travel variables higher (p < 0.01). An overload of match workload and international travel contribute to increased injury susceptibility in professional men's football. This emphasizes the need to address international match calendar concerns, including the number of games per season, the frequency of back-to-back games, and international travel requirements. Additionally, the findings highlight the importance of monitoring player match workloads, and implementing squad rotations and tailored training programs to mitigate injury risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve den Hollander
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO), 2132LR Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Gino Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Aging & Vitality, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO), 2132LR Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Aging & Vitality, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Nieto Torrejón L, Martínez-Serrano A, Villalón JM, Alcaraz PE. Economic impact of muscle injury rate and hamstring strain injuries in professional football clubs. Evidence from LaLiga. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301498. [PMID: 38870170 PMCID: PMC11175487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were: 1) to describe the total muscular injuries, and specifically HSIs, and their corresponding missed matches; 2) to analyse their economic impact; and 3) to estimate the loss of incomes due to TV rights, in first division clubs from LaLigaTM depending on the expected and actual ranking position during the 2018/2019 season. To do that, a cross-sectional study for season 18/19 and for all players of the 20 Spanish professional football clubs was performed. The economic impact of injuries was estimated considering the missed matches and salary cost of all players and the audio-visual income loss was estimated considering the Spanish Royal Decree of Law (RDL 5/2015). The high number of muscular (270) and hamstring injuries (57) implies a high cost for professional first division football clubs, specifically € 365,811 per month for the former and € 47,388 per month for the latter. In addition, reaching a worse than expected position in LaLigaTM ranking involved a loss of 45,2 million € in TV rights incomes. The high cost of muscle injuries in first division teams justifies the need for multidisciplinary teams that are capable of reducing the number of injuries as well as recovery times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nieto Torrejón
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Serrano
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society (SCS), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society (SCS), Murcia, Spain
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Zaremski JL, Pazik M, Vasilopoulos T, Horodyski M. Workload Risk Factors for Pitching-Related Injuries in High School Baseball Pitchers. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:1685-1691. [PMID: 38700088 DOI: 10.1177/03635465241246559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pitch counts are only one measure of the true workload of baseball pitchers. Newer research indicates that workload measurement and prevention of injury must include additional factors. Thus, current monitoring systems gauging pitcher workload may be considered inadequate. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to develop a novel method to determine workload in baseball pitchers and improve processes for prevention of throwing-related injuries. It was hypothesized that our pitching workload model would better predict throwing-related injuries occurring throughout the baseball season than a standard pitch count model. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS This prospective observational study was conducted at an academic medical center and community baseball fields during the 2019 to 2023 seasons. Pitchers aged 13 to 18 years were monitored for pitching-related injuries and workload (which included pitching velocity; intensity, using preseason and in-season velocity as a marker of effort; and pitch counts). RESULTS A total of 71 pitchers had 313 recorded pitcher outings, 11 pitching-related injuries, and 24,228 pitches thrown. Gameday pitch counts for all pitchers ranged from 19 to 219 (mean, 77.5 ± 41.0). Velocity ranged from 46.8 to 85.7 mph (mean, 71.3 ± 5.8 mph). Intensity ranged from 0.7 to 1.3 (mean, 1.0 ± 0.08). The mean workload was 74.7 ± 40.1 for all pitchers. Risk factors significant for injury included throwing at a higher velocity in game (P = .001), increased intensity (eg, an increase in mean velocity thrown from preseason to in-season; P < .001), and being an older pitcher (P = .014). No differences were found for workload between injured and noninjured pitchers because the analysis was underpowered. CONCLUSION Our workload model indicated that throwing at a higher velocity, throwing at a higher intensity, and older age were risk factors for injury. Thus, this novel workload model should be considered as a means to identify pitchers who may be at greater risk for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Zaremski
- Division of Sports Medicine, PM&R Residency, UF Health Throwing Clinic, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marissa Pazik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Division of Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Terrie Vasilopoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - MaryBeth Horodyski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Martin-Garetxana I, Hughes J, De Ste Croix M, Larruskain J, Lekue JA, Ayala F. Acute pre- and post-competitive soccer match-play changes in neuromuscular factors, physical performance, and muscle response in youth male players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38497787 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2329273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
There is a paucity of literature analyzing the impact of fatigue from actual competitive soccer match-play on measures of neuromuscular function and muscle damage markers in youth players. Aims The main purpose was to analyze the acute pre- and post-competitive soccer match-play changes in measures of landing mechanics, stretch-shortening cycle capability, physical performance, muscle damage, and match intensity. A secondary purpose was to explore whether the players' maturity status and chronological age were associated with post-soccer match-play responses. Methods Thirty-two male youth outfield soccer players from two chronological competition age groups (U14 and U16) were assessed pre-and post-competitive soccer match-play for 2D dynamic knee valgus at landing (DKV), leg stiffness, reactive strength index, 20 m sprint time, CMJ-Abalakov jump height, creatine kinase and urea activity and visual analogue scale for muscle soreness (VAS). Players' maturity status was also estimated using a previously validated regression equation. Results There were statistically significant (p < 0.05) post-competitive soccer match-play impairments in all measures of stretch-shortening cycle capability and muscle damage markers assessed irrespective of the age group. Likewise, significant post-match play alterations in landing mechanics (DKV of the dominant leg) and physical performance (sprint time and jump height) scores were documented for the U14 players. Significant interactions between maturity and landing mechanics and VAS responses to competitive soccer match-play were also found whereby more mature players demonstrated larger post-match changes. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest the existence of a negative influence of competitive match-play on neuromuscular function and muscle damage in youth soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imanol Martin-Garetxana
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jonathan Hughes
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jose A Lekue
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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Zaremski JL, Bowers RL, Kriz PK. Pitching Restriction Policies in Adolescent and High-School Baseball Pitchers: Is It Time for an Updated Paradigm? Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:1-9. [PMID: 37678800 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Zaremski
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert L Bowers
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Peter K Kriz
- Division of Sports Medicine, Departments of Orthopaedics and Pediatrics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Andersen TR, Kästner B, Arvig M, Larsen CH, Madsen EE. Monitoring load, wellness, and psychological variables in female and male youth national team football players during international and domestic playing periods. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1197766. [PMID: 38162701 PMCID: PMC10757622 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1197766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim To study differences in total load exposure, wellness, and psychological variables in youth female (N = 19) and male (N = 20) national team football players during domestic and international playing periods, respectively. Procedures The players filled out questionnaires on well-being, stress, and resilience before and after both playing periods lasting 8 days each. The Hooper index was used to monitor daily wellness levels during both playing periods. The number of training sessions and matches were recorded, and the session rating of perceived exertion was collected. Training load, monotony, and strain were calculated. Daily measurements were used to evaluate in-period changes, and composite scores were used to describe differences between periods. Results The international compared to the domestic playing period was for both groups characterized by more matches played, longer field training session durations, and of fewer gym-based sessions (P < 0.05). The male players increased total exposure time (25%; P < 0.05), monotony (P < 0.001), and strain (P < 0.001), which was not changed in the female players. Well-being decreased (P < 0.05) during the international playing period in male players. Stress levels were higher (P < 0.05) for both genders during the international compared to the domestic playing period. During the international playing period, positive correlations were found between the initial levels of stress, and the change in stress (P = 0.03; r2 = 0.12), and between the changes in total load and changes in well-being (P = 0.02; r2 = 0.12), whereas a negative correlation was found between the changes in wellness and stress (P = 0.03; r2 = 0.14). Conclusion A playing period characterized by increased match focus, longer field training sessions, and fewer gym-based training activities may lead to changes in the physical and mental profiles of youth national team football players. Alterations to load exposure and wellness may influence mental health. Players with high initial stress levels may be subjected to greater changes compared to other players. Sports scientists and medical staff may benefit from initiating structured monitoring systems to track alterations in physical load and mental health in youth national team players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rostgaard Andersen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Football Association, Brondby, Denmark
| | - Bennet Kästner
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mathias Arvig
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carsten Hvid Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Football Association, Brondby, Denmark
| | - Esben Elholm Madsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Football Association, Brondby, Denmark
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Martins F, Marques A, França C, Sarmento H, Henriques R, Ihle A, de Maio Nascimento M, Saldanha C, Przednowek K, Gouveia ÉR. Weekly External Load Performance Effects on Sports Injuries of Male Professional Football Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1121. [PMID: 36673875 PMCID: PMC9859064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the most challenging issues professional football players face throughout their careers is injuries. Those injuries often result from suboptimal training programs that were not designed according to the players' individual needs. This prospective study aimed to examine in detail the effects of sports injuries on professional football players' weekly external load performances. Thirty-three male professional football players were monitored using 10-Hz Global Positioning System (GPS) units (Apex pro series, StatSports) during an entire season. The variables considered in the analysis were total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), accelerations (ACC), and decelerations (DEC). The comparisons were made between the four-week block before injury (-4T), four-week block after return (+4T), and players' season averages (S). Players displayed significantly higher values of TD, HSR, ACC, and DEC in the -4T, compared to the other two moments (+4T and S). Furthermore, the comparison between the +4T and S showed no significant variations in the GPS metrics. It was shown that a significant increase in players' weekly external load performance over a four-week period may have a negative effect on the occurrence of injuries from a professional football standpoint. Future research should consider the effects of injury severity on players' external load variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martins
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
- ISAMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cíntia França
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Andreas Ihle
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo de Maio Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil
| | - Carolina Saldanha
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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