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Nie T, Huang S, Yang Y, Hu A, Wang J, Cheng Z, Liu W. A review of the world's salt reduction policies and strategies - preparing for the upcoming year 2025. Food Funct 2024; 15:2836-2859. [PMID: 38414443 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03352j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of dietary sodium is a significant contributor to non-communicable diseases, including hypertension and cardiovascular disease. There is now a global consensus that regulating salt intake is among the most cost-effective measures for enhancing public health. More than half of the countries worldwide have implemented multiple strategies to decrease salt consumption. Nevertheless, a report on sodium intake reduction published by the World Health Organization revealed that the world is off-track to meet its targeted reduction of 30% by 2025. The global situation regarding salt reduction remains concerning. This review will center on domestic and international salt reduction policies, as well as diverse strategies, given the detrimental effects of excessive dietary salt intake and the existing global salt intake scenario. Besides, we used visualization software to analyze the literature related to salt reduction research in the last five years to explore the research hotspots in this field. Our objective is to enhance public awareness regarding the imperative of reducing salt intake and promoting the active implementation of diverse salt reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Nie
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Siqi Huang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Anna Hu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Jianing Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Godbharle S, Kesa H, Jeyakumar A, Shambharkar P. Socio-demographic and economic factors associated with the consumption of processed foods in South Africa - Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey VII. Public Health 2024; 226:190-198. [PMID: 38071952 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to examine the socio-demographic and economic factors associated with the consumption of processed foods in South Africa. STUDY DESIGN This is an empirical study where secondary data analysis was performed from the South African Demographic and Health Survey VII. METHODS A nationally representative sample of 10,336 participants (aged ≥15 years) was included in the analysis. Using regression models, we studied the association between socio-demographic and economic predictors and the intake of processed foods. RESULTS The regression models found that the odds of consumption of any type of processed foods were significantly high in all South African provinces but specifically higher in urban settings, those with any level of education, and young adults. The odds of processed meat consumption were significantly higher among the coloured population, while that of fried food, fast food, and salty snacks was significant in the white population. The odds of consumption increased irrespective of marital status and were higher among males, specifically among those in the poorer and poorest wealth quintiles. CONCLUSION These findings warrant advocacy and action for healthy food choices in the population. The role of industry, ethnic vulnerability, and gender stereotypes in food preparation are areas that need priority attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Godbharle
- Food Evolution Research Laboratory (FERL), School of Tourism and Hospitality, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Department of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
| | - H Kesa
- Food Evolution Research Laboratory (FERL), School of Tourism and Hospitality, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
| | - A Jeyakumar
- Food Evolution Research Laboratory (FERL), School of Tourism and Hospitality, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Department of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India; Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - P Shambharkar
- Department of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
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Wang H, Wang Y, Shi Z, Zhao L, Jian W, Li K, Xu R, Wu Y, Xu F, Wang Y, Peng W. Association between Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Syndrome and Modification Effect of Altitude: A Cohort Study of Tibetan Adults in China. Nutrients 2023; 15:2226. [PMID: 37432367 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the longitudinal association between dietary patterns (DPs) and metabolic disorders in people living at high altitude areas, such as Tibetans. We constructed the first open cohort, with 1832 Tibetans, and collected data in 2018 and in 2022. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence was 30.1% (32.3% in men and 28.3% in women). Three different DPs were identified: modern DP (pulses, poultry, offal, and processed meat), urban DP (vegetables, refined grain, beef/mutton, and eggs), and pastoral DP (Tibetan cheese, tsamba, butter/milk tea, and desserts). Participants within the third tertile of the urban DP had a 3.42-fold (95% CI 1.65-7.10) higher risk of MetS than those with the first tertile. Modern DP was positively associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and elevated triglycerides (TAG), while it was inversely associated with low HDL-C. The urban DP was associated with a higher risk of low HDL-C, but a lower risk of impaired fasting blood glucose (FBG). The pastoral DP was a risk factor for impaired FBG, but protective for central obesity and elevated BP. Associations of modern DP with elevated BP, and pastoral DP with low HDL-C, were modified by altitude. In conclusion, among Tibetan adults, DPs were associated with MetS and its components, and the associations were modified by altitude among Tibetans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wang
- Nutrition and Health Promotion Center, Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Nutrition and Health Promotion Center, Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Lei Zhao
- Nutrition and Health Promotion Center, Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Wenxiu Jian
- Nutrition and Health Promotion Center, Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Ke Li
- Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ruihua Xu
- Nutrition and Health Promotion Center, Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Non-Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Youfa Wang
- Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen Peng
- Nutrition and Health Promotion Center, Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining 810008, China
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