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Raleigh SM, Orchard KJA. Sarcopenia as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:561. [PMID: 38790190 PMCID: PMC11121242 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as the age-associated loss of muscle mass and increased fragility with age, is increasing worldwide. The condition often precedes the development of Alzheimer's disease, thereby decreasing the levels of mobility and physical activity in those affected. Indeed, the loss of muscle mass has, in some studies, been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. However, a detailed understanding of the interplay between both conditions is not available and needs to be thoroughly addressed. In the following review, we focus on several genes, specifically APOE, BDNF, ACE, FTO, and FNDC5, that have been associated with both conditions. We also discuss the epigenetic regulation of each of these genes along with non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that may have a role in the development of both the sarcopenic and Alzheimer's disease phenotypes. Finally, we assert that the application of systems biology will unravel the relationship between sarcopenia and Alzheimer's disease and believe that the prevention of muscle loss in older age will reduce the incidence of debilitating cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M. Raleigh
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Kayleigh J. A. Orchard
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
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Hashemi SA, Ghadimi Z, Ghaedi H, Hashemi A. The effects of eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin C on the expression pathway of antioxidants in the hippocampus tissue of TMT induced Alzheimer's disease rats. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148645. [PMID: 37871672 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurological disorders and, researchers believe that the impairment of oxidant-antioxidant system plays an important role in its progression. The PI3K/NRF2 pathway has particular importance in increasing the expression of antioxidants. Thus present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training (AT) with vitamin C (VC) on the expression pathway of antioxidants in the hippocampus tissue of trimethyltin chloride (TMT) induced Alzheimer's Disease Rats. METHODS In this experimental study, 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats (age 14-16 months, weight 270-320 g) were injected 10 mg/kg TMT and were divided into (1) TMT (n = 7), (2) TMT + VC (n = 7), (3) TMT + AT (n = 7) and (4) TMT + VC + AT (n = 7) groups. Also, 7 healthy rats without any intervention selected as healthy control (HC) group to investigate the effects of TMT on research variables. Groups 3 and 4 ran on the treadmill for eight weeks, for 15-48 min at a speed of 10-24 m/min. Also, groups 2 and 4 received 4 mg/kg VC orally. To measure PI3K, Nrf2, SOD and catalase in the hippocampus tissue of rats, ELISA method were used. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post- hoc tests were used (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS The hippocampal values of Nrf2 and SOD in TMT + VC, TMT + AT and TMT + VC + AT groups were higher than TMT group (P = 0.001). Catalase in TMT + AT and TMT + VC + AT groups was higher than TMT group (P = 0.001). Also, catalase and PI3K were higher in the TMT + VC + AT group than the TMT + VC group (P = 0.05). PI3K levels of TMT + VC + AT group were higher than TMT + AT group (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION It seems that AT and VC, both alone and in combination, play a role in improving the transcription pathway of antioxidants in the hippocampus tissue of TMT induced Alzheimer's disease Rats. Therefore, the combination of these two interventions is suggested to improve the antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ahmad Hashemi
- Department of Physical Education, Lamerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lamerd, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghadimi
- Department of Physical Education, Lamerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lamerd, Iran
| | - Hadi Ghaedi
- Department of Physical Education, Lamerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lamerd, Iran.
| | - Ayoub Hashemi
- Department of Physical Education, Qeshm Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran
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Kraemer RR, Kraemer BR. The effects of peripheral hormone responses to exercise on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1202349. [PMID: 38084331 PMCID: PMC10710532 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1202349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, a considerable amount of new data have revealed the beneficial effects of exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis and the maintenance or improvement of cognitive function. Investigations with animal models, as well as human studies, have yielded novel understanding of the mechanisms through which endocrine signaling can stimulate neurogenesis, as well as the effects of exercise on acute and/or chronic levels of these circulating hormones. Considering the effects of aging on the decline of specific endocrine factors that affect brain health, insights in this area of research are particularly important. In this review, we discuss how different forms of exercise influence the peripheral production of specific endocrine factors, with particular emphasis on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, ghrelin, estrogen, testosterone, irisin, vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, and cortisol. We also describe mechanisms through which these endocrine responses to exercise induce cellular changes that increase hippocampal neurogenesis and improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Kraemer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, United States
| | - Bradley R. Kraemer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
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Luo Y, Yang J, Zhang L, Tai Z, Huang H, Xu Z, Zhang H. Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) 1 succinylation modulates epileptic seizures and the blood-brain barrier. Exp Anim 2023; 72:475-489. [PMID: 37258131 PMCID: PMC10658094 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic disorder in the nervous system, mainly characterized by recurrent, periodic, unpredictable seizures. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important protein functional regulators that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. It is significant for cell activity, stability, protein folding, and localization. Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) 1 has traditionally been studied as an important adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-generating enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. PGK1 catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl group from 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate (1, 3-BPG) to ADP, producing 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) and ATP. In addition to cell metabolism regulation, PGK1 is involved in multiple biological activities, including angiogenesis, autophagy, and DNA repair. However, the exact role of PGK1 succinylation in epilepsy has not been thoroughly investigated. The expression of PGK1 succinylation was analyzed by Immunoprecipitation. Western blots were used to assess the expression of PGK1, angiostatin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a rat model of lithium-pilocarpine-induced acute epilepsy. Behavioral experiments were performed in a rat model of lithium-pilocarpine-induced acute epilepsy. ELISA method was used to measure the level of S100β in serum brain biomarkers' integrity of the blood-brain barrier. The expression of the succinylation of PGK1 was decreased in a rat model of lithium-pilocarpine-induced acute epilepsy compared with the normal rats in the hippocampus. Interestingly, the lysine 15 (K15), and the arginine (R) variants of lentivirus increased the susceptibility in a rat model of lithium-pilocarpine-induced acute epilepsy, and the K15 the glutamate (E) variants, had the opposite effect. In addition, the succinylation of PGK1 at K15 affected the expression of PGK1 succinylation but not the expression of PGK1total protein. Furthermore, the study found that the succinylation of PGK1 at K15 may affect the level of angiostatin and VEGF in the hippocampus, which also affects the level of S100β in serum. In conclusion, the mutation of the K15 site of PGK1 may alter the expression of the succinylation of PGK1 and then affect the integrity of the blood-brain barrier through the angiostatin / VEGF pathway altering the activity of epilepsy, which may be one of the new mechanisms of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemei Luo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Tai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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Pieczyńska A, Zasadzka E, Pilarska A, Procyk D, Adamska K, Hojan K. Rehabilitation Exercises Supported by Monitor-Augmented Reality for Patients with High-Grade Glioma Undergoing Radiotherapy: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6838. [PMID: 37959303 PMCID: PMC10648373 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been shown to improve quality of life (QoL) and even treatment outcomes in cancer patients. However, the evidence to support the benefits of exercise in patients with high-grade glioma (HGG) is limited. Therefore, we performed a randomized clinical trial (RCT) to examine the effect of augmented-reality-based rehabilitation exercises on physical and functional fitness, cognitive function, fatigue, mood, QoL, selected blood parameters, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and S100 protein in patients with HGG. METHODS Adult patients with HGG scheduled to undergo radiotherapy after tumor resection were randomized to participate in an exercise program (experimental group, n = 25) or to receive usual care (controls, n = 22). Physical and mental fitness was measured at baseline, after the completion of radiotherapy, and at 3 months. The following tests were administered: Handgrip Strength Test; 6-Minute Walk Test; Time Up and Go test; Functional Independent Measure scale; Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE III); Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Functional Cancer Therapy Assessment-Brain; and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue. We also measured blood parameters, BDNF, and S100 protein levels. RESULTS No significant changes were observed in the exercise group. However, the controls experienced a significant decrease in HGS and in the ACE III attention domain. No significant changes were observed in QoL, fatigue, BDNF, or S100 levels in either group. CONCLUSIONS Augmented-reality-based exercise during radiation therapy may prevent loss of muscle strength and attention in patients with HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pieczyńska
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-781 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (K.H.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Ewa Zasadzka
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-781 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (K.H.)
| | - Agnieszka Pilarska
- Department of Rehabilitation, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Danuta Procyk
- Central Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Adamska
- Chair and Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Science, 61-781 Poznan, Poland;
- 3rd Radiotherapy Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hojan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-781 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (K.H.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
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Cho SY, Roh HT. Impact of Particulate Matter Exposure and Aerobic Exercise on Circulating Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Status, and Inflammation in Young and Aged Mice. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1952. [PMID: 37895334 PMCID: PMC10608750 DOI: 10.3390/life13101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) and exercise training can have antagonistic effects on inflammatory responses and the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants in the body. However, the underlying mechanisms of these effects remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PM exposure and aerobic exercise training on oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and inflammation in mice of different ages. Two groups of male C57BL/6 mice, comprising forty 1-month-old and forty 12-month-old mice, were exposed to either PM or exercise training or both for 8 weeks. PM exposure led to significantly higher 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels (p < 0.05) and significantly lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities (p < 0.05) in both age groups exposed to PM compared to the control groups. Conversely, aerobic exercise training led to significantly lower 8-OHdG, MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels (p < 0.05) and significantly higher SOD and CAT activities (p < 0.05) in both age groups receiving exercise training, compared to those exposed to PM. Moreover, young mice in the exercise training and PM group showed significantly lower 8-OHdG, MDA, and IL-1β levels (p < 0.05) and significantly higher SOD and CAT activities (p < 0.05) than young mice in the PM exposure group. However, these levels did not vary significantly between the group of old mice that either received exercise training or exposure to PM. Our results suggest that while PM exposure could cause pro-oxidant/antioxidant imbalances and inflammatory responses, regular aerobic exercise could ameliorate these negative effects, although these vary with age. Nevertheless, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise were countered by PM exposure, especially in older mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Youn Cho
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Roh
- Division of Sports Science, College of Arts and Sports, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221 beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Republic of Korea
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