Changes in Sources and Composition of Beach Waste in Coastal Cities around the Bohai Sea of China during the Tourist Peak and Off-Peak Seasons

Fuzzy-based global water quality assessment and water quality cells identification using satellite data

The water environmental impact assessment and management programs increasingly rely on accurate and quantitative estimates of water quality parameters through remote sensing, owing to the limitation of the time-consuming field-based approaches. Numerous studies have utilised the remote-derived water-quality products and existing water quality index WQI models, but they are typically site-specific and yield significant errors for the accurate assessment and monitoring of coastal and inland water bodies. This study presents a generalized WQI model that incorporates a flexible number of parameters, simplifying them to produce comprehensive water quality index values with the fuzzy logic approach. To derive these index values, three major water quality parameters such as Chl, TSS and aCDOM443 were estimated using new remote-sensing models, and the corresponding indices Trophic State Index (TSI), Total Suspended Solids Index (TSSI) and CDOM Index (CI) were produced by a generalized index model. Finally, WQI products were derived based on the Mamdani-based Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and individual contribution of the water quality parameters to WQI was analysed to establish 'Water Quality Cells' WQcells, which are represented by the dominant WQ parameter. The new models were tested on MODIS-Aqua and Sentinel-3 OLCI data in different regional and global oceanic waters. Further, a time series analysis was performed in regional coastal oceanic waters (along the Indian coast) to study the seasonal variations of individual water quality parameters and WQI over the period from 2011 to 2020. The results demonstrated that the FIS is efficient in handling the parameters with varying units and their relative importance. The water quality cells were identified in the bloom-dominated (Arabian Sea), TSS-dominated (Point Calimere, India and Yangtze River estuary, China) and CDOM-dominated (South Carolina coast, USA) regions. The time series analysis revealed that the water quality of the Indian coast exhibits cyclic seasonal variations due to the annual occurrence of the south-west and north-east monsoons. These results are critical for monitoring and assessing the quality of surface waters in coastal and inland environments and enabling water resources managers to formulate and implement management plans for a variety of water bodies cost-effectively.