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Boboc RG, Butilă EV, Butnariu S. Leveraging Wearable Sensors in Virtual Reality Driving Simulators: A Review of Techniques and Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4417. [PMID: 39001197 PMCID: PMC11244598 DOI: 10.3390/s24134417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) driving simulators are very promising tools for driver assessment since they provide a controlled and adaptable setting for behavior analysis. At the same time, wearable sensor technology provides a well-suited and valuable approach to evaluating the behavior of drivers and their physiological or psychological state. This review paper investigates the potential of wearable sensors in VR driving simulators. Methods: A literature search was performed on four databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore) using appropriate search terms to retrieve scientific articles from a period of eleven years, from 2013 to 2023. Results: After removing duplicates and irrelevant papers, 44 studies were selected for analysis. Some important aspects were extracted and presented: the number of publications per year, countries of publication, the source of publications, study aims, characteristics of the participants, and types of wearable sensors. Moreover, an analysis and discussion of different aspects are provided. To improve car simulators that use virtual reality technologies and boost the effectiveness of particular driver training programs, data from the studies included in this systematic review and those scheduled for the upcoming years may be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan Gabriel Boboc
- Department of Automotive and Transport Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, RO-500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Eugen Valentin Butilă
- Department of Automotive and Transport Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, RO-500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Silviu Butnariu
- Department of Automotive and Transport Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, RO-500036 Brasov, Romania
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Perez J, Hyun K, Boni JA. Use of smartphone apps while driving: Variations on driving performances and perceived risks. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 198:107474. [PMID: 38290408 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Distracted driving increases the crash frequencies on the road and subsequently leads to fatalities involved with crashes. As technology has evolved, drivers are continuously exposed to newer technology in their vehicles and applications in their phones, which has led to technology representing one of the main secondary tasks that distract drivers on the road. The impact of technology-involved distraction appears to be different by the type of distraction since a secondary task that can be exceedingly distracting to the driver causes more reckless and risky driving. Moreover, the impact of distracted driving may differ by roadway geometries since distracted drivers' performance may vary depending on how actively they interact with other vehicles or surrounding environments. This study aims to understand the impacts of smartphone application distractions, in particular social media activities (e.g., video, feed, message), on different road geometries using a mixed-method analysis consisting of a survey, a driving simulator experiment, and individual interview. Results from the interview and simulation experiments show that most social media activities cause unsafe lane changes regardless of road geometry. Among various social-media activities, watching reels (videos) represent an unintentional but deeper level of engagement that consequently causes a driver to deviate in their lane, make unintentional lane changes, suddenly change their speed and acceleration, and headway. The interview also revealed varying levels of risk perception about distracted driving, in particular the lower level of risk perception in using GPS and music applications. This study concludes that the distractions caused by smartphone applications and social media activities combined with lower awareness and risk perception could significantly elevate the crash risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Perez
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Kate Hyun
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Jobaidul Alam Boni
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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Okati-Aliabad H, Hashemi Habybabady R, Sabouri M, Mohammadi M. Different types of mobile phone use while driving and influencing factors on intention and behavior: Insights from an expanded theory of planned behavior. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300158. [PMID: 38446800 PMCID: PMC10917291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone use while driving (MPUWD) is a significant concern due to its negative impact on road safety. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess different types of MPUWD and identify factors influencing intention and behavior among drivers in Zahedan. A total of 392 participants provided information on demographic and driving characteristics, as well as constructs derived from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) augmented with moral norms. Findings revealed that a majority of drivers (86.4%) engaged in MPUWD, primarily involving calling, using applications, and texting. However, most participants did not intend to use their phones while driving in the following week. Multiple regression analysis identified age, receiving driving fines, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control as significant predictors of intention for MPUWD. Additionally, factors such as age, receiving driving fines, driving hours, car gearbox type, attitude, perceived behavior control, behavioral intention, and moral norm were significant predictors of actual MPUWD. Older participants demonstrated better behavior in various mobile phone activities while driving. Overall, the study emphasized that the main TPB constructs and moral norms have a greater influence compared to other variables in predicting MPUWD. Perceived behavioral control was the most important predictor of the intention and behavior of MPUWD. Understanding these factors can guide efforts to discourage MPUWD through targeted interventions and strategies to promote safer driving practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Okati-Aliabad
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Sabouri
- Student Research Committee, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohammadi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Goldsworthy J, Watling CN, Rose C, Larue G. The effects of distraction on younger drivers: A neurophysiological perspective. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 114:104147. [PMID: 37832340 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Distracted driving remains a significant cause of traffic accidents globally, including in Australia. However, many younger drivers still admit to using a phone while driving. A simulated driving study investigated the neurophysiological effects of visual, auditory, and higher-order cognitive (i.e., requiring the use of executive functions) distraction on young drivers. In total, 24 young adults aged 18-25 years completed four 8 min simulated driving sessions while concurrently engaging in various distractor tasks. Neurophysiological arousal was measured via EEG. Additionally, subjective workload and objective driving performance were assessed. Frontal beta and gamma power exhibited their highest levels during tasks involving higher-order cognitive and visual demands. The higher-order cognitive condition was rated as the most mentally demanding. In comparison, the visual condition had the most significant impact on both the standard deviation of speed and standard deviation of lateral positioning. This study has significant implications for all road users, particularly those aged 18-25 years, and it reinforces the importance of not using a phone while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Goldsworthy
- The University of Western Australia (UWA), School of Psychological Science, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety, Queensland, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Christopher N Watling
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety, Queensland, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia; University of Southern Queensland (UniSQ), School of Psychology and Wellbeing. UniSQ Ipswich Campus, 11 Salisbury Rd, Ipswich, QLD, 4305, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Chae Rose
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety, Queensland, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Gregoire Larue
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety, Queensland, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia; University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Road Safety Research Collaboration, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
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