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Duittoz AH, Tillet Y, Geller S. The great migration: how glial cells could regulate GnRH neuron development and shape adult reproductive life. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102149. [PMID: 36058434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, reproductive function is under the control of hypothalamic neurons named Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) neurons. These neurons migrate from the olfactory placode to the brain, during embryonic development. For the past 40 years, these neurons have been considered an example of tangential migration, i.e., dependent on the olfactory/vomeronasal/terminal nerves. Numerous studies have highlighted the factors involved in the migration of these neurons but thus far overlooked the cellular microenvironment that produces them. Many of these factors are dysregulated in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, resulting in subfertility/infertility. Nevertheless, over the past ten years, several papers have reported the influence of glial cells (named olfactory ensheathing cells [OECs]) in the migration and differentiation of GnRH neurons. This review will describe the atypical origins, migration, and differentiation of these neurons, focusing on the latest discoveries. There will be a more specific discussion on the involvement of OECs in the development of GnRH neurons, during embryonic and perinatal life; as well as on their potential implication in the development of congenital or idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (such as Kallmann syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Duittoz
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA, CNRS, Centre INRA Val de Loire, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Tillet
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA, CNRS, Centre INRA Val de Loire, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sarah Geller
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Prevot V, Sharif A. The polygamous GnRH neuron: Astrocytic and tanycytic communication with a neuroendocrine neuronal population. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13104. [PMID: 35233849 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the survival of the species, hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits controlling fertility, which converge onto neurons producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), must respond to fluctuating physiological conditions by undergoing rapid and reversible structural and functional changes. However, GnRH neurons do not act alone, but through reciprocal interactions with multiple hypothalamic cell populations, including several glial and endothelial cell types. For instance, it has long been known that in the hypothalamic median eminence, where GnRH axons terminate and release their neurohormone into the pituitary portal blood circulation, morphological plasticity displayed by distal processes of tanycytes modifies their relationship with adjacent neurons as well as the spatial properties of the neurohemal junction. These alterations not only regulate the capacity of GnRH neurons to release their neurohormone, but also the activation of discrete non-neuronal pathways that mediate feedback by peripheral hormones onto the hypothalamus. Additionally, a recent breakthrough has demonstrated that GnRH neurons themselves orchestrate the establishment of their neuroendocrine circuitry during postnatal development by recruiting an entourage of newborn astrocytes that escort them into adulthood and, via signalling through gliotransmitters such as prostaglandin E2, modulate their activity and GnRH release. Intriguingly, several environmental and behavioural toxins perturb these neuron-glia interactions and consequently, reproductive maturation and fertility. Deciphering the communication between GnRH neurons and other neural cell types constituting hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits is thus critical both to understanding physiological processes such as puberty, oestrous cyclicity and aging, and to developing novel therapeutic strategies for dysfunctions of these processes, including the effects of endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1000 Days for Health, Lille, France
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Ramirez-Expósito MJ, Martínez-Martos JM, Cantón-Habas V, Carrera-González MDP. Moderate Beer Consumption Modifies Tumoral Growth Parameters and Pyrrolidone Carboxypeptidase Type-I and Type-II Specific Activities in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Mammary Gland Axis in an Animal Model of Breast Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2695-2707. [PMID: 33305601 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1856891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effect of moderate alcoholic and nonalcoholic beer consumption on tumoral growth parameters, the histopathology, pyrrolidone carboxypeptidase type I (Pcp I), and type II (Pcp II) specific activities in the hypothalamus-pituitary-mammary gland axis, and the circulating levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in rats with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) induced mammary tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Food and drink intake, weight gain and tumor growth parameters were collected. The malignant phenotype of the tumor was performed using the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading method. Pcp specific activities were fluorometrically analyzed using pyroglutamyl-β-naphthylamide as substrate. Circulating steroid hormones were determined. RESULTS Differences were found in tumoral parameters, depending on the drink. Animals that were given alcohol-containing beer (A/C) beer to drink showed the lowest values of hypothalamic Pcp I, in association with the lowest levels of circulating E2. The significant decrease in Pcp I activity in all NMU-treated groups suggest a clear role of the Pcp I in the tumoral process, and A/C beer interferes with it. DISCUSSION Moderate consumption of alcoholic beer would have beneficial effects against mammary tumors through the modification of the endocrine status mediated by GnRH due to changes on Pcp I and II activities at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Ramirez-Expósito
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - José Manuel Martínez-Martos
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Vanesa Cantón-Habas
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba. IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Del Pilar Carrera-González
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba. IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
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Manganese protects against the effects of alcohol on hypothalamic puberty-related hormones. Life Sci 2016; 148:106-11. [PMID: 26876914 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Since manganese (Mn) is capable of stimulating the hypothalamic-pituitary unit and advancing female puberty, we assessed the possibility that this element might overcome some of the detrimental effects of prepubertal alcohol (ALC) exposure on the hypothalamic control of pituitary function. MAIN METHODS Rats received either saline or Mn (10mg/kg) daily by gastric gavage from day 12 to day 31. After weaning, all rats were provided Lab Chow diet ad libitum until day 27 when they began receiving either the Bio Serv control or ALC diet regime. On day 31, the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was collected to assess luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) protein levels. Release of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), LHRH and serum luteinizing hormone (LH) were also assessed. Other animals were not terminated on day 31, but remained in study to assess timing of puberty. KEY FINDINGS Short-term ALC exposure caused elevated hypothalamic LHRH content, suggesting an inhibition in peptide release, resulting in a decrease in LH. Both actions of ALC were reversed by Mn supplementation. COX2 synthesis, as well as PGE2 and LHRH release were suppressed by ALC exposure, but Mn supplementation caused an increase in COX2 synthesis and subsequent PGE2 and LHRH release in the presence of ALC. Mn supplementation also ameliorated the action of ALC to delay puberty. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that low level Mn supplementation acts to protect the hypothalamus from some of the detrimental effects of ALC on puberty-related hormones.
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Wang K, Song H, Jin M, Xiao H, Zhao G, Zou H, Yu L. Chronic alcohol consumption from adolescence to adulthood in mice--hypothalamic gene expression changes in insulin-signaling pathway. Alcohol 2014; 48:571-8. [PMID: 25088817 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental stage vulnerable to alcohol drinking-related problems, and alcohol exposure during adolescence may lead to long-lasting consequences. The hypothalamus is a key brain region for food and water intake regulation as well as weight control, and is one of the alcohol-sensitive brain regions. However, it is not known what the alcohol effect is on the hypothalamus following adolescent alcohol intake, chronically over adolescent development, at moderate levels. We employed a model of chronic moderate alcohol intake from adolescence to adulthood in mice, and analyzed the effect of alcohol on growth and weight gain, as well as hypothalamic gene expression patterns. The results indicated that chronic alcohol consumption during adolescence, even at moderate levels, led to both a reduction in weight gain in mice, and considerable gene expression changes in the hypothalamus. Pathway analysis and real-time PCR identified the type II diabetes mellitus and the insulin-signaling pathways as being the hypothalamic pathways affected by chronic alcohol. Our findings from the mouse alcohol consumption study therefore serve as a potential warning against alcohol consumption during adolescence, such as in teens and college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shu Guang Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Traditional Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaiguang Song
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Meilei Jin
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huasheng Xiao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hong Zou
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Genetics & Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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