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Ali T, Klein AN, McDonald K, Johansson L, Mukherjee PG, Hallbeck M, Doh-Ura K, Schatzl HM, Gilch S. Cellulose ether treatment inhibits amyloid beta aggregation, neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:177. [PMID: 37507761 PMCID: PMC10375631 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable, progressive and devastating neurodegenerative disease. Pathogenesis of AD is associated with the aggregation and accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), a major neurotoxic mediator that triggers neuroinflammation and memory impairment. Recently, we found that cellulose ether compounds (CEs) have beneficial effects against prion diseases by inhibiting protein misfolding and replication of prions, which share their replication mechanism with Aβ. CEs are FDA-approved safe additives in foods and pharmaceuticals. Herein, for the first time we determined the therapeutic effects of the representative CE (TC-5RW) in AD using in vitro and in vivo models. Our in vitro studies showed that TC-5RW inhibits Aβ aggregation, as well as neurotoxicity and immunoreactivity in Aβ-exposed human and murine neuroblastoma cells. In in vivo studies, for the first time we observed that single and weekly TC-5RW administration, respectively, improved memory functions of transgenic 5XFAD mouse model of AD. We further demonstrate that TC-5RW treatment of 5XFAD mice significantly inhibited Aβ oligomer and plaque burden and its associated neuroinflammation via regulating astrogliosis, microgliosis and proinflammatory mediator glial maturation factor beta (GMFβ). Additionally, we determined that TC-5RW reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced activated gliosis and GMFβ in vitro. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CEs have therapeutic effects against Aβ pathologies and cognitive impairments, and direct, potent anti-inflammatory activity to rescue neuroinflammation. Therefore, these FDA-approved compounds are effective candidates for developing therapeutics for AD and related neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ali
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Antonia N Klein
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Keegan McDonald
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lovisa Johansson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Hallbeck
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Katsumi Doh-Ura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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2
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Zou P, Yao J, Cui YN, Zhao T, Che J, Yang M, Li Z, Gao C. Advances in Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Biomedical Engineering: A Review Summary. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060364. [PMID: 35735708 PMCID: PMC9222388 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, hydrogel-based research in biomedical engineering has attracted more attention. Cellulose-based hydrogels have become a research hotspot in the field of functional materials because of their outstanding characteristics such as excellent flexibility, stimulus-response, biocompatibility, and degradability. In addition, cellulose-based hydrogel materials exhibit excellent mechanical properties and designable functions through different preparation methods and structure designs, demonstrating huge development potential. In this review, we have systematically summarized sources and types of cellulose and the formation mechanism of the hydrogel. We have reviewed and discussed the recent progress in the development of cellulose-based hydrogels and introduced their applications such as ionic conduction, thermal insulation, and drug delivery. Also, we analyzed and highlighted the trends and opportunities for the further development of cellulose-based hydrogels as emerging materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.-N.C.); (T.Z.); (J.C.); (M.Y.)
| | - Jiaxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.-N.C.); (T.Z.); (J.C.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ya-Nan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.-N.C.); (T.Z.); (J.C.); (M.Y.)
| | - Te Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.-N.C.); (T.Z.); (J.C.); (M.Y.)
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Junwei Che
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.-N.C.); (T.Z.); (J.C.); (M.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.-N.C.); (T.Z.); (J.C.); (M.Y.)
| | - Zhiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.-N.C.); (T.Z.); (J.C.); (M.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.-N.C.); (T.Z.); (J.C.); (M.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (C.G.)
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Diesinger T, Lautwein A, Buko V, Belonovskaya E, Lukivskaya O, Naruta E, Kirko S, Andreev V, Dvorsky R, Buckert D, Bergler S, Renz C, Müller‐Enoch D, Wirth T, Haehner T. ω-Imidazolyl-alkyl derivatives as new preclinical drug candidates for treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14795. [PMID: 33769703 PMCID: PMC7995547 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-associated reactive oxygen species production plays an important role in the development and progression of inflammatory liver diseases such as alcoholic steatohepatitis. We developed two new inhibitors for this isoenzyme, namely 12-imidazolyl-1-dodecanol (I-ol) and 1-imidazolyldodecane (I-an), and aimed to test their effects on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The fat-rich and CYP2E1 inducing Lieber-DeCarli diet was administered over 16 weeks of the experimental period to induce the disease in a rat model, and the experimental substances were administered simultaneously over the last four weeks. The high-fat diet (HFD) pathologically altered the balance of reactive oxygen species and raised the activities of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and γ-glutamyl-transferase (γ-GT); lowered the level of adiponectine and raised the one of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; increased the hepatic triglyceride and phospholipid content and diminished the serum HDL cholesterol concentration. Together with the histological findings, we concluded that the diet led to the development of NASH. I-ol and, to a lesser extent, I-an shifted the pathological values toward the normal range, despite the continued administration of the noxious agent (HFD). The hepatoprotective drug ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which is used off-label in clinical practice, showed a lower effectiveness overall. I-ol, in particular, showed extremely good tolerability during the acute toxicity study in rats. Therefore, cytochrome P450 2E1 may be considered a suitable drug target, with I-ol and I-an being promising drug candidates for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Diesinger
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health/School of MedicineWitten/Herdecke UniversityWittenGermany
- Department of Internal MedicineNeu‐Ulm HospitalNeu‐UlmGermany
- Institute of Physiological ChemistryUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Alfred Lautwein
- Institute of Physiological ChemistryUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Vyacheslav Buko
- Division of Biochemical PharmacologyInstitute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active CompoundsNational Academy of SciencesBulvar Leninskogo KomsomolaGrodnoBelarus
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Medical SciencesBiałystokPoland
| | - Elena Belonovskaya
- Division of Biochemical PharmacologyInstitute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active CompoundsNational Academy of SciencesBulvar Leninskogo KomsomolaGrodnoBelarus
| | - Oksana Lukivskaya
- Division of Biochemical PharmacologyInstitute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active CompoundsNational Academy of SciencesBulvar Leninskogo KomsomolaGrodnoBelarus
| | - Elena Naruta
- Division of Biochemical PharmacologyInstitute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active CompoundsNational Academy of SciencesBulvar Leninskogo KomsomolaGrodnoBelarus
| | - Siarhei Kirko
- Division of Biochemical PharmacologyInstitute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active CompoundsNational Academy of SciencesBulvar Leninskogo KomsomolaGrodnoBelarus
| | - Viktor Andreev
- Department of Medical Biology and GeneticsGrodno State Medical UniversityGrodnoBelarus
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IIMedical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Dominik Buckert
- Institute of Physiological ChemistryUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | | | - Christian Renz
- Institute of Physiological ChemistryUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | | | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological ChemistryUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Thomas Haehner
- Institute of Physiological ChemistryUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
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Al-Shali RA, Ramadan WS. Germinated barley downregulates hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 enzyme gene expression in a hepatic steatohepatitis rat model. Anat Sci Int 2020; 95:489-497. [PMID: 32361815 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-020-00546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis are common pathological features in the progression of hepatic steatosis. In the current work, we investigated the effect of germinated barely on the structure and function of the liver and its regulatory mechanism on SDC1 gene expression in a steatohepatitis rat model. Forty-eight adult male white Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group I, control; Group II, rats fed a germinated barley diet; Group III, rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD); and Group IV, rats fed both germinated barley (GB) and a high-fat diet for 14 weeks. Biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric studies, as well as qRT-PCR, were used to analyze the effect of germinated barley on steatohepatitis. The rats in Group IV had a lower liver index percentage and improved altered lipid profile and liver function tests compared to those in Group III. Supplementation of GB with a HFD ameliorated the histopathological features in the livers of rats fed a HFD, decreased the percentage of CD68-positive macrophages, and lowered the upregulated expression of SDC1. Supplementation of a HFD with GB prohibited the deterioration of liver function, lipid profile, and alteration of liver structure; it also decreased the associated hepatic inflammation and downregulated SDC1 in liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Al-Shali
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa S Ramadan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Suwan T, Khongkhunthian S, Okonogi S. Silver nanoparticles fabricated by reducing property of cellulose derivatives. Drug Discov Ther 2019; 13:70-79. [PMID: 31080206 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using cellulose derivatives as a reducing agent. Methyl cellulose (MC), hydroxy ethylcellulose (HEC), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were compared for their reducing property. HPMC presented the highest reducing power, with equilibrium concentration (EC) of 84.6 ± 4.5 µmol Fe2+/g, followed by MC and HEC, with the EC of 62.3 ± 1.4, and 38.1 ± 3.2 µmol Fe2+/g, respectively. Using these cellulose derivatives as a reducing agent and silver nitrate as a precursor in fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), three cellulose-AgNPs, HEC-AgNPs, MC-AgNPs, and HPMC-AgNPs, were obtained. The cellulose-AgNPs showed different maximum absorptions confirming AgNPs spectra at 415, 425, and 418 nm, respectively. Reaction parameters such as pH, temperature, and period of reaction affected intensity of the maximum absorptions and size of AgNPs. Using 0.3% cellulose solution at pH 9 and reaction at 70°C for 90 min, the particle size of MC-AgNPs, HEC-AgNPs, and HPMC-AgNPs was 97.7 ± 2.4, 165.6 ± 10.6, and 51.8 ± 1.6 nm, respectively. AgNPs obtained from different cellulose derivatives and various preparation parameters possess different inhibition potential against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The cellulose-AgNPs have higher effective against E. coli than S. aureus. HPMC-AgNPs showed significantly higher antibacterial activity than MC- AgNPs and HEC-AgNPs, respectively. These results suggest that the type of cellulose derivatives and the reaction parameters of the synthesis such as pH, temperature, and reaction period play an important role to the yield and physicochemical property of the obtained AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temsiri Suwan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University
| | - Sakornrat Khongkhunthian
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University.,Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University
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Mehanna ET, El-sayed NM, Ibrahim AK, Ahmed SA, Abo-Elmatty DM. Isolated compounds from Cuscuta pedicellata ameliorate oxidative stress and upregulate expression of some energy regulatory genes in high fat diet induced obesity in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1253-1258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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7
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Marthandam Asokan S, Hung TH, Chiang WD, Lin WT. Lipolysis-Stimulating Peptide from Soybean Protects Against High Fat Diet-Induced Apoptosis in Skeletal Muscles. J Med Food 2018; 21:225-232. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shibu Marthandam Asokan
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tsu-Han Hung
- Department of Hospitality Management, College of Agriculture, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Dee Chiang
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wan-Teng Lin
- Department of Hospitality Management, College of Agriculture, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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8
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Kieffer DA, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Impact of Dietary Fibers on Nutrient Management and Detoxification Organs: Gut, Liver, and Kidneys. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:1111-1121. [PMID: 28140328 PMCID: PMC5105045 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber (DF) intake elicits a wide range of physiologic effects, not just locally in the gut, but systemically. DFs can greatly alter the gut milieu by affecting the gut microbiome, which in turn influences the gut barrier, gastrointestinal immune and endocrine responses, and nitrogen cycling and microbial metabolism. These gut-associated changes can then alter the physiology and biochemistry of the body's other main nutrient management and detoxification organs, the liver and kidneys. The molecular mechanisms by which DF alters the physiology of the gut, liver, and kidneys is likely through gut-localized events (i.e., bacterial nitrogen metabolism, microbe-microbe, and microbe-host cell interactions) coupled with specific factors that emanate from the gut in response to DF, which signal to or affect the physiology of the liver and kidneys. The latter may include microbe-derived xenometabolites, peptides, or bioactive food components made available by gut microbes, inflammation signals, and gut hormones. The intent of this review is to summarize how DF alters the gut milieu to specifically affect intestinal, liver, and kidney functions and to discuss the potential local and systemic signaling networks that are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Roy J Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Wu N, Zhang Y, Ye X, Hu Y, Ding T, Chen S. Sulfation pattern of fucose branches affects the anti-hyperlipidemic activities of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 147:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cox LM, Cho I, Young SA, Anderson WHK, Waters BJ, Hung SC, Gao Z, Mahana D, Bihan M, Alekseyenko AV, Methé BA, Blaser MJ. The nonfermentable dietary fiber hydroxypropyl methylcellulose modulates intestinal microbiota. FASEB J 2012; 27:692-702. [PMID: 23154883 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-219477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diet influences host metabolism and intestinal microbiota; however, detailed understanding of this tripartite interaction is limited. To determine whether the nonfermentable fiber hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) could alter the intestinal microbiota and whether such changes correlated with metabolic improvements, C57B/L6 mice were normalized to a high-fat diet (HFD), then either maintained on HFD (control), or switched to HFD supplemented with 10% HPMC, or a low-fat diet (LFD). Compared to control treatment, both LFD and HPMC reduced weight gain (11.8 and 5.7 g, respectively), plasma cholesterol (23.1 and 19.6%), and liver triglycerides (73.1 and 44.6%), and, as revealed by 454-pyrosequencing of the microbial 16S rRNA gene, decreased microbial α-diversity and differentially altered intestinal microbiota. Both LFD and HPMC increased intestinal Erysipelotrichaceae (7.3- and 12.4-fold) and decreased Lachnospiraceae (2.0- and 2.7-fold), while only HPMC increased Peptostreptococcaceae (3.4-fold) and decreased Ruminococcaceae (2.7-fold). Specific microorganisms were directly linked with weight change and metabolic parameters in HPMC and HFD mice, but not in LFD mice, indicating that the intestinal microbiota may play differing roles during the two dietary modulations. This work indicates that HPMC is a potential prebiotic fiber that influences intestinal microbiota and improves host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Cox
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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