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Magnetosome membrane engineering to improve G protein-coupled receptor activities in the magnetosome display system. Metab Eng 2021; 67:125-132. [PMID: 34174423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacterium, Magnetospirillum magneticum, produces biogenic magnetic nanoparticles termed magnetosomes, which are primarily composed of a magnetite core and a surrounding lipid bilayer membrane. We have fabricated human transmembrane protein-magnetosome complexes by genetic engineering with embedding the transmembrane proteins of interest, in particular G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in the magnetosome membrane. The magnetosomes provide a promising platform for high throughput ligand screening towards drug discovery, and this is a critical advantage of the magnetosome display system beyond conventional membrane platforms such as liposomes and lipid nano-discs. However, the human GPCRs expressed on the magnetosomes were not fully functionalized in bacterial membranes the most probably due to the lack of essential phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) for GPCR functionalization. To overcome this issue, we expressed two types of PC-producing enzymes, phosphatidylcholine synthase (PCS) and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PMT) in M. magneticum. As a result, generation and incorporation of PC in cell- and magnetosome-membranes were demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, M. magneticum is the second bacterial species which had the PC-incorporated lipid membrane by genetic engineering. Subsequently, a GPCR, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and PCS were simultaneously expressed. We found that PC in the magnetosome membrane assisted the binding of TSHR and its ligand, indicating that the genetic approach demonstrated in this study is useful to enhance the function of the GPCRs displayed on the magnetosomes.
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Basit A, Wang J, Guo F, Niu W, Jiang W. Improved methods for mass production of magnetosomes and applications: a review. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:197. [PMID: 33081818 PMCID: PMC7576704 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria have the unique ability to synthesize magnetosomes (nano-sized magnetite or greigite crystals arranged in chain-like structures) in a variety of shapes and sizes. The chain alignment of magnetosomes enables magnetotactic bacteria to sense and orient themselves along geomagnetic fields. There is steadily increasing demand for magnetosomes in the areas of biotechnology, biomedicine, and environmental protection. Practical difficulties in cultivating magnetotactic bacteria and achieving consistent, high-yield magnetosome production under artificial environmental conditions have presented an obstacle to successful development of magnetosome applications in commercial areas. Here, we review information on magnetosome biosynthesis and strategies for enhancement of bacterial cell growth and magnetosome formation, and implications for improvement of magnetosome yield on a laboratory scale and mass-production (commercial or industrial) scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, 56130 Pakistan
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fangfang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, BJ People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Wong JX, Ogura K, Chen S, Rehm BHA. Bioengineered Polyhydroxyalkanoates as Immobilized Enzyme Scaffolds for Industrial Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:156. [PMID: 32195237 PMCID: PMC7064635 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes function as biocatalysts and are extensively exploited in industrial applications. Immobilization of enzymes using support materials has been shown to improve enzyme properties, including stability and functionality in extreme conditions and recyclability in biocatalytic processing. This review focuses on the recent advances utilizing the design space of in vivo self-assembled polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) particles as biocatalyst immobilization scaffolds. Self-assembly of biologically active enzyme-coated PHA particles is a one-step in vivo production process, which avoids the costly and laborious in vitro chemical cross-linking of purified enzymes to separately produced support materials. The homogeneous orientation of enzymes densely coating PHA particles enhances the accessibility of catalytic sites, improving enzyme function. The PHA particle technology has been developed into a remarkable scaffolding platform for the design of cost-effective designer biocatalysts amenable toward robust industrial bioprocessing. In this review, the PHA particle technology will be compared to other biological supramolecular assembly-based technologies suitable for in vivo enzyme immobilization. Recent progress in the fabrication of biological particulate scaffolds using enzymes of industrial interest will be summarized. Additionally, we outline innovative approaches to overcome limitations of in vivo assembled PHA particles to enable fine-tuned immobilization of multiple enzymes to enhance performance in multi-step cascade reactions, such as those used in continuous flow bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiang Wong
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kampachiro Ogura
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Shuxiong Chen
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MHIQ), Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, Australia
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Ren E, Lei Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Liu G. Magnetosome Modification: From Bio-Nano Engineering Toward Nanomedicine. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- En Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Zhao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology; Innovation Center for Cell Biology; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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Jacob JJ, Suthindhiran K. Magnetotactic bacteria and magnetosomes - Scope and challenges. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 68:919-928. [PMID: 27524094 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Geomagnetism aided navigation has been demonstrated by certain organisms which allows them to identify a particular location using magnetic field. This attractive technique to recognize the course was earlier exhibited in numerous animals, for example, birds, insects, reptiles, fishes and mammals. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are one of the best examples for magnetoreception among microorganisms as the magnetic mineral functions as an internal magnet and aid the microbe to move towards the water columns in an oxic-anoxic interface (OAI). The ability of MTB to biomineralize the magnetic particles (magnetosomes) into uniform nano-sized, highly crystalline structure with uniform magnetic properties has made the bacteria an important topic of research. The superior properties of magnetosomes over chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles made it an attractive candidate for potential applications in microbiology, biophysics, biochemistry, nanotechnology and biomedicine. In this review article, the scope of MTB, magnetosomes and its challenges in research and industrial application have been discussed in brief. This article mainly focuses on the application based on the magnetotactic behaviour of MTB and magnetosomes in different areas of modern science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin John Jacob
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - K Suthindhiran
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India.
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Functional expression of full-length TrkA in the prokaryotic host Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 by using a magnetosome display system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 81:1472-6. [PMID: 25527540 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03112-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), a receptor tyrosine kinase, is known to be associated with various diseases. Thus, TrkA has become a major drug-screening target for these diseases. Despite the fact that the production of recombinant proteins by prokaryotic hosts has advantages, such as fast growth and ease of genetic engineering, the efficient production of functional receptor tyrosine kinase by prokaryotic hosts remains a major experimental challenge. Here, we report the functional expression of full-length TrkA on magnetosomes in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 by using a magnetosome display system. TrkAwas fused with the magnetosome-localized protein Mms13 and expressed on magnetosome surfaces. Recombinant TrkA showed both nerve growth factor (NGF)-binding and autophosphorylation activities. TrkA expressed on magnetosomes has the potential to be used, not only for further functional analysis of TrkA, but also for ligand screening.
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Honda T, Tanaka T, Yoshino T. Stoichiometrically Controlled Immobilization of Multiple Enzymes on Magnetic Nanoparticles by the Magnetosome Display System for Efficient Cellulose Hydrolysis. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3863-8. [PMID: 26571204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of multiple cellulase complexes receiving attention for use in the efficient hydrolysis of celluloses. In this study, the magnetosome display system was employed for the preparation of systems mimicking natural multiple cellulase complexes (cellulosomes) on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Initially, two fluorescent proteins, namely, green fluorescent protein and mCherry, were immobilized on MNPs. Fluorescence analysis revealed the close proximity of two different proteins on the MNPs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis showed that stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of the proteins were immobilized on the MNPs. Next, endoglucanase (EG) and β-glucosidase (BG) were immobilized on MNPs to give EG/BG-MNPs. The resulting MNPs were applied for the hydrolysis of celluloses, with rapid hydrolysis of carboxymethyl cellulose being observed. Furthermore, the fusion of the cellulose-binding domain to EG/BG-MNPs promoted improved hydrolysis activity against the insoluble cellulose. We could therefore conclude that the magnetosome display system can expand the possibilities of mimicking natural cellulosome organization on MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Honda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a heterogeneous group of Gram-negative aquatic prokaryotes with a broad range of morphological types, including vibrioid, coccoid, rod and spirillum. MTBs possess the virtuosity to passively align and actively swim along the magnetic field. Magnetosomes are the trademark nano-ranged intracellular structures of MTB, which comprise magnetic iron-bearing inorganic crystals enveloped by an organic membrane, and are dedicated organelles for their magnetotactic lifestyle. Magnetosomes endue high and even dispersion in aqueous solutions compared with artificial magnetites, claiming them as paragon nanomaterials. MTB and magnetosomes offer high technological potential in modern science, technology and medicines. This review focuses on the applicability of MTB and magnetosomes in various areas of modern benefits.
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Sugamata Y, Tanaka T, Matsunaga T, Yoshino T. Functional expression of an scFv on bacterial magnetic particles by in vitro docking. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:1-5. [PMID: 24472552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A Gram-negative, magnetotactic bacterium, Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 produces nano-sized magnetic particles (BacMPs) in the cytoplasm. Although various applications of genetically engineered BacMPs have been demonstrated, such as immunoassay, ligand-receptor interaction or cell separation, by expressing a target protein on BacMPs, it has been difficult to express disulfide-bonded proteins on BacMPs due to lack of disulfide-bond formation in the cytoplasm. Here, we propose a novel dual expression system, called in vitro docking, of a disulfide-bonded protein on BacMPs by directing an immunoglobulin Fc-fused target protein to the periplasm and its docking protein ZZ on BacMPs. By in vitro docking, an scFv-Fc fusion protein was functionally expressed on BacMPs in the dimeric or trimeric form. Our novel disulfide-bonded protein expression system on BacMPs will be useful for efficient screening of potential ligands or drugs, analyzing ligand-receptor interactions or as a magnetic carrier for affinity purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Sugamata
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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